proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及8嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
coroner's jury thereupon brought in a verdict that ``the deceased had died
of apoplexy�察 �but there was reason to fear that her death had been
accelerated by over´work in an over´crowded workroom�察�&c。'' ``Our white
slaves��'' cried the ``Morning Star��'' the organ of the free´traders�察 �Cobden
and Bright�察 �`our white slaves�察�who are toiled into the grave�察�for the most
part silently pine and die。''��6�А�
��6�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 239�察�240。
Edward VI�此�A statue of the first year of his reign�察�1547�察�ordains that if
anyone refuses to work�察�he shall be condemned as a slave to the person
who has denounced him as an idler。 The master shall feed his slave on
bread and water�察�weak broth and such refuse meat as he thinks fit。 He has
the right to force him to do any work�察�no matter how disgusting�察�with whip
and chains。 If the slave is absent a fortnight�察�he is condemned to slavery
for life and is to be branded on forehead or back with the letter S�察�if he
runs away thrice�察�he is to be executed as a felon。 The master can sell him�察�
bequeath him�察 �let him out on hire as a slave�察 �just as any other personal
chattel or cattle。 If the slaves attempt anything against the masters�察 �they
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
are also to be executed。 Justices of the peace�察�on information�察�are to hunt
the rascals down。 If it happens that a vagabond has been idling about for
three days�察�he is to be taken to his birthplace�察�branded with a redhot iron
with the letter V on the breast and be set to work�察�in chains�察�in the streets
or at some other labor。 If the vagabond gives a false birthplace�察�he is then
to become the slave for life of this place�察 �of its inhabitants�察 �or its
corporation�察�and to be branded with an S。 All persons have the right to take
away the children of the vagabonds and to keep them as apprentices�察�the
young men until the 24th year�察�the girls until the 20th。 If they run away�察�
they are to become up to this age the slaves of their masters�察�who can put
them in irons�察�whip them�察�&c。�察�if they like。 Every master may put an iron
ring around the neck�察 �arms or legs of his slave�察 �by which to know him
more easily and to be more certain of him。 The last part of this statute
provides that certain poor people may be employed by a place or by
persons�察 �who are willing to give them food and drink and to find them
work。 This kind of parish´slaves was kept up in England until far into the
19th century under the name of ``roundsmen。''��7�А�
��7�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 758�察�759。
Page after page and chapter after chapter of facts of this nature�察�each
brought up to illustrate some fatalistic theory which Marx professes to
have proved by exact reasoning�察�cannot but stir into fury any passionate
working´class reader�察�and into unbearable shame any possessor of capital
in whom generosity and justice are not wholly extinct。
Almost at the end of the volume�察 �in a very brief chapter�察 �called
``Historical Tendency of Capitalist Accumulation��'' Marx allows one
moment's glimpse of the hope that lies beyond the present horror�此�
As soon as this process of transformation has sufficiently
decomposed the old society from top to bottom�察�as soon as the laborers are
turned into proletarians�察�their means of labor into capital�察�as soon as the
capitalist mode of production stands on its own feet�察 �then the further
socialization of labor and further transformation of the land and other
means of production into so´ cially exploited and�察 �therefore�察 �common
means of production�察 �as well as the further expropriation of private
proprietors�察�takes a new form。 That which is now to be expropriated is no
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
longer the laborer working for himself�察�but the capitalist exploiting many
laborers。 This expropriation is accomplished by the action of the
immanent laws of capitalistic production itself�察 �by the centralization of
capital。 One capitalist always kills many�察 �and in hand with this
centralization�察 �or this expropriation of many capitalists by few�察 �develop�察�
on an ever extending scale�察�the co´operative form of the labor´process�察�the
conscious technical application of science�察 �the methodical cultivation of
the soil�察�the transformation of the instruments of labor into instruments of
labor only usable in common�察�the economizing of all means of production
by their use as the means of production of combined�察�socialized labor�察�the
entanglement of all peoples in the net of the world´market�察�and with this�察�
the international character of the capitalistic regime。 Along with the
constantly diminishing number of the magnates of capital�察�who usurp and
monopolize all advantages of this process of transformation�察 �grows the
mass of misery�察 �oppression�察 �slavery�察 �degradation�察 �exploitation�察 �but with
this�察�too�察�grows the revolt of the working´ class�察�a class always increasing
in numbers�察�and disciplined�察�united�察�organized by the very mechanism of
the process of capitalist production itself。 The monopoly of capital
becomes a fetter upon the mode of production�察�which has sprung up and
flourished along with�察 �and under it。 Centralization of the means of
production and socialization of labor at last reach a point where they
become incompatible with their capitalist integument。 This integument is
burst asunder。 The knell of capitalist private property sounds。 The
expropriators are expropriated�撮�8�А�
��8�А�Vol。 i pp。 788�察�789。
That is all。 Hardly another word from beginning to end is allowed to
relieve the gloom�察 �and in this relentless pressure upon the mind of the
reader lies a great part of the power which this book has acquired。
Two questions are raised by Marx's work�此 �First�察 �Are his laws of
historical development true�拭�Second�察�Is Socialism desirable�拭�The second
of these questions is quite independent of the first。 Marx professes to
prove that Socialism must come�察 �but scarcely concerns himself to argue
that when it comes it will be a good thing。 It may be�察�however�察�that if it
comes�察�it will be a good thing�察�even though all Marx's arguments to prove
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PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM
that it must come should be at fault。 In actual fact�察�time has shown many
flaws in Marx's theories。 The development of the world has been
sufficiently like his prophecy to prove him a man of very unusual
penetration�察�but has not been sufficiently like to make either political or
economic history exactly such as he predicted that it would be。
Nationalism�察�so far from diminishing�察�has increased�察�and has failed to be
conquered by the cosmopolitan tendencies which Marx rightly discerned
in finance。 Although big businesses have grown bigger and have over a
great area reached the stage of monopoly�察�yet the