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coroner's jury thereupon brought in a verdict that ``the deceased had died 

of    apoplexy�察    �but   there   was    reason    to   fear   that  her   death    had    been 

accelerated by over´work in an over´crowded workroom�察�&c。'' ``Our white 

slaves��''   cried   the   ``Morning   Star��''   the   organ   of   the   free´traders�察  �Cobden 

and Bright�察 �`our white slaves�察�who are toiled into the grave�察�for the most 

part silently pine and die。''��6�А�

       ��6�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 239�察�240。 

       Edward VI�此�A statue of the first year of his reign�察�1547�察�ordains that if 

anyone refuses to work�察�he shall be condemned as a slave to the person 

who   has   denounced   him   as   an   idler。   The   master   shall   feed   his   slave   on 

bread and water�察�weak broth and such refuse meat as he thinks fit。 He has 

the right to force him to do any work�察�no matter how disgusting�察�with whip 

and chains。 If the slave is absent a fortnight�察�he is condemned to slavery 

for life and is to be branded on forehead or back with the letter S�察�if he 

runs away thrice�察�he is to be executed as a felon。 The master can sell him�察�

bequeath   him�察  �let   him  out   on   hire   as   a   slave�察  �just   as   any  other   personal 

chattel or   cattle。  If   the slaves   attempt   anything   against   the   masters�察 �they 



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are also to be executed。 Justices of the peace�察�on information�察�are to hunt 

the rascals down。 If it happens that a vagabond has been idling about for 

three days�察�he is to be taken to his birthplace�察�branded with a redhot iron 

with the letter V on the breast and be set to work�察�in chains�察�in the streets 

or at some other labor。 If the vagabond gives a false birthplace�察�he is then 

to   become      the   slave    for  life  of   this  place�察   �of  its  inhabitants�察    �or   its 

corporation�察�and to be branded with an S。 All persons have the right to take 

away the children of the vagabonds and to keep them as apprentices�察�the 

young men until the 24th year�察�the girls until the 20th。 If they run away�察�

they are to become up to this age the slaves of their masters�察�who can put 

them in irons�察�whip them�察�&c。�察�if they like。 Every master may put an iron 

ring   around   the   neck�察  �arms   or   legs   of   his   slave�察  �by   which   to   know   him 

more   easily   and   to   be   more   certain   of   him。   The   last   part   of   this   statute 

provides   that   certain   poor   people   may   be   employed   by   a   place   or   by 

persons�察  �who   are   willing   to   give   them   food   and   drink   and   to   find   them 

work。 This kind of parish´slaves was kept up in England until far into the 

19th century under the name of ``roundsmen。''��7�А�

        ��7�А�Vol。 i�察�pp。 758�察�759。 

        Page after page and chapter after chapter of facts of this nature�察�each 

brought   up   to   illustrate   some   fatalistic   theory   which   Marx   professes   to 

have proved by exact reasoning�察�cannot but stir into fury any passionate 

working´class reader�察�and into unbearable shame any possessor of capital 

in whom generosity and justice are not wholly extinct。 

     Almost      at  the   end   of   the  volume�察     �in  a  very   brief   chapter�察   �called 

``Historical      Tendency       of  Capitalist     Accumulation��''       Marx     allows    one 

moment's glimpse of the hope that lies beyond the present horror�此�

       As     soon     as   this    process     of    transformation        has    sufficiently 

decomposed the old society from top to bottom�察�as soon as the laborers are 

turned into proletarians�察�their means of labor into capital�察�as soon as the 

capitalist   mode   of   production   stands   on   its   own        feet�察  �then   the   further 

socialization   of   labor   and   further   transformation   of   the   land   and   other 

means   of   production   into   so´   cially   exploited   and�察  �therefore�察  �common 

means      of   production�察    �as   well   as   the  further    expropriation      of   private 

proprietors�察�takes a new form。 That which is now to be expropriated is no 



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                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



longer the laborer working for himself�察�but the capitalist exploiting many 

laborers。      This   expropriation       is  accomplished        by    the   action    of   the 

immanent   laws   of   capitalistic   production   itself�察  �by   the   centralization   of 

capital。     One     capitalist   always      kills   many�察    �and    in   hand    with    this 

centralization�察  �or   this   expropriation   of   many   capitalists   by  few�察  �develop�察�

on an ever extending scale�察�the co´operative form of the labor´process�察�the 

conscious   technical   application   of   science�察  �the   methodical   cultivation   of 

the soil�察�the transformation of the instruments of labor into instruments of 

labor only usable in common�察�the economizing of all means of production 

by their use as the means of production of combined�察�socialized labor�察�the 

entanglement of all peoples in the net of the world´market�察�and with this�察�

the    international     character    of   the   capitalistic   regime。     Along    with    the 

constantly diminishing number of the magnates of capital�察�who usurp and 

monopolize   all   advantages   of   this   process   of   transformation�察  �grows   the 

mass   of   misery�察  �oppression�察  �slavery�察  �degradation�察  �exploitation�察  �but   with 

this�察�too�察�grows the revolt of the working´ class�察�a class always increasing 

in numbers�察�and disciplined�察�united�察�organized by the very mechanism of 

the    process     of  capitalist    production      itself。  The    monopoly       of  capital 

becomes a fetter upon the mode of production�察�which has sprung up and 

flourished      along    with�察  �and    under    it。  Centralization      of  the   means     of 

production   and   socialization   of   labor   at   last   reach   a   point   where   they 

become incompatible with their capitalist integument。 This integument is 

burst    asunder。     The    knell    of   capitalist   private    property     sounds。     The 

expropriators are expropriated�撮�8�А�

       ��8�А�Vol。 i pp。 788�察�789。 

       That is all。 Hardly another word from beginning to end is allowed to 

relieve   the   gloom�察  �and   in   this   relentless   pressure   upon   the   mind   of   the 

reader lies a great part of the power which this book has acquired。 

     Two     questions     are   raised   by   Marx's    work�此   �First�察  �Are   his   laws   of 

historical development true�拭�Second�察�Is Socialism desirable�拭�The second 

of   these   questions   is   quite   independent   of   the   first。   Marx   professes   to 

prove that   Socialism  must   come�察  �but   scarcely  concerns   himself to   argue 

that when it comes it will be a good thing。 It may be�察�however�察�that if it 

comes�察�it will be a good thing�察�even though all Marx's arguments to prove 



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that it must come should be at fault。 In actual fact�察�time has shown many 

flaws     in   Marx's     theories。    The     development        of  the    world    has    been 

sufficiently      like   his   prophecy      to  prove    him    a   man    of   very    unusual 

penetration�察�but has not   been sufficiently like to   make either political   or 

economic        history     exactly    such     as   he   predicted      that   it  would      be。 

Nationalism�察�so far from diminishing�察�has increased�察�and has failed to be 

conquered by the cosmopolitan tendencies which Marx rightly discerned 

in   finance。 Although   big   businesses   have   grown   bigger   and   have   over   a 

great area reached the stage of monopoly�察�yet the 

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