the athenian constitution-第15章

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Part　55

　　All　the　foregoing　magistrates　are　elected　by　lot；　and　their　powers　are　those　which　have　been　stated。　To　pass　on　to　the　nine　Archons；　as　they　are　called；　the　manner　of　their　appointment　from　the　earliest　times　has　been　described　already。　At　the　present　day　six　Thesmothetae　are　elected　by　lot；　together　with　their　clerk；　and　in　addition　to　these　an　Archon；　a　King；　and　a　Polemarch。　One　is　elected　from　each　tribe。　They　are　examined　first　of　all　by　the　　Council　of　Five　Hundred；　with　the　exception　of　the　clerk。　The　latter　is　examined　only　in　the　lawcourt；　like　other　magistrates　（for　all　magistrates；　whether　elected　by　lot　or　by　open　vote；　are　examined　before　entering　on　their　offices）；　but　the　nine　Archons　are　examined　both　in　the　Council　and　again　in　the　law…court。　Formerly　no　one　could　hold　the　office　if　the　Council　rejected　him；　but　now　there　is　an　appeal　to　the　law…court；　which　is　the　final　authority　in　the　matter　of　the　examination。　When　they　are　examined；　they　are　asked；　first；　'Who　is　your　father；　and　of　what　deme？　who　is　your　father's　father？　who　is　your　mother？　who　is　your　mother's　father；　and　of　what　deme？'　Then　the　candidate　is　asked　whether　he　possesses　an　ancestral　Apollo　and　a　household　Zeus；　and　where　their　sanctuaries　are；　next　if　he　possesses　a　family　tomb；　and　where；　then　if　he　treats　his　parents　well；　and　pays　his　taxes；　and　has　served　on　the　required　military　expeditions。　When　the　examiner　has　put　these　questions；　he　proceeds；　'Call　the　witnesses　to　these　facts'；　and　when　the　candidate　has　produced　his　witnesses；　he　next　asks；　'Does　any　one　wish　to　make　any　accusation　against　this　man？'　If　an　accuser　appears；　he　gives　the　parties　an　opportunity　of　making　their　accusation　and　defence；　and　then　puts　it　to　the　Council　to　pass　the　candidate　or　not；　and　to　the　law…court　to　give　the　final　vote。　If　no　one　wishes　to　make　an　accusation；　he　proceeds　at　once　to　the　vote。　Formerly　a　single　individual　gave　the　vote；　but　now　all　the　members　are　obliged　to　vote　on　the　candidates；　so　that　if　any　unprincipled　candidate　has　managed　to　get　rid　of　his　accusers；　it　may　still　be　possible　for　him　to　be　disqualified　before　the　law…court。　When　the　　examination　has　been　thus　completed；　they　proceed　to　the　stone　on　which　are　the　pieces　of　the　victims；　and　on　which　the　Arbitrators　take　oath　before　declaring　their　decisions；　and　witnesses　swear　to　their　testimony。　On　　this　stone　the　Archons　stand；　and　swear　to　execute　their　office　uprightly　and　according　to　the　laws；　and　not　to　receive　presents　in　respect　of　the　performance　of　their　duties；　or；　if　they　do；　to　dedicate　a　golden　statue。　When　they　have　taken　this　oath　they　proceed　to　the　Acropolis；　and　there　they　repeat　it；　after　this　they　enter　upon　their　office。

Part　56

　　The　Archon；　the　King；　and　the　Polemarch　have　each　two　assessors；　nominated　by　themselves。　These　officers　are　examined　in　the　lawcourt　before　they　begin　to　act；　and　give　in　accounts　on　each　occasion　of　their　acting。　　　As　soon　as　the　Archon　enters　office；　he　begins　by　issuing　a　proclamation　that　whatever　any　one　possessed　before　he　entered　into　office；　that　he　shall　possess　and　hold　until　the　end　of　his　　term。　Next　he　assigns　Choregi　to　the　tragic　poets；　choosing　three　of　the　richest　persons　out　of　the　whole　body　of　Athenians。　Formerly　he　used　also　to　assign　five　Choregi　to　the　comic　poets；　but　now　the　tribes　provide　the　Choregi　for　them。　Then　he　receives　the　Choregi　who　have　been　appointed　by　the　tribes　for　the　men's　and　boys'　choruses　and　the　comic　poets　at　the　Dionysia；　and　for　the　men's　and　boys'　choruses　at　the　Thargelia　（at　the　Dionysia　there　is　a　chorus　for　each　tribe；　but　at　the　Thargelia　one　between　two　tribes；　each　tribe　bearing　its　share　in　providing　it）；　he　transacts　the　exchanges　of　properties　for　them；　and　reports　any　excuses　that　are　　tendered；　if　any　one　says　that　he　has　already　borne　this　burden；　or　that　he　is　exempt　because　he　has　borne　a　similar　burden　and　the　period　of　his　exemption　has　not　yet　expired；　or　that　he　is　not　of　the　required　age；　since　the　Choregus　of　a　boys'　chorus　must　be　over　forty　years　of　age。　He　also　appoints　Choregi　for　the　festival　at　Delos；　and　a　chief　of　the　mission　for　the　thirty…oar　boat　which　conveys　the　youths　thither。　He　also　superintends　sacred　processions；　both　that　in　honour　of　Asclepius；　when　the　initiated　keep　house；　and　　that　of　the　great　Dionysia…the　latter　in　conjunction　with　the　Superintendents　of　that　festival。　These　officers；　ten　in　number；　were　formerly　　elected　by　open　vote　in　the　Assembly；　and　used　to　provide　for　the　　expenses　of　the　procession　out　of　their　private　means；　but　now　one　is　elected　by　lot　from　each　tribe；　and　the　state　contributes　a　hundred　minas　for　the　expenses。　The　Archon　also　superintends　the　procession　at　the　Thargelia；　and　that　in　honour　of　Zeus　the　Saviour。　He　also　　manages　the　contests　at　the　Dionysia　and　the　Thargelia。　　　These；　then；　are　the　festivals　which　he　superintends。　The　suits　and　indictments　which　come　before　him；　and　which　he；　after　a　preliminary　inquiry；　brings　up　before　the　lawcourts；　are　as　follows。　Injury　to　parents　（for　bringing　these　actions　the　prosecutor　cannot　suffer　any　penalty）；　injury　to　orphans　（these　actions　lie　against　their　guardians）；　injury　to　a　ward　of　state　（these　lie　against　their　guardians　or　their　husbands）；　injury　to　an　orphan's　estate　（these　too　lie　against　the　guardians）；　mental　derangement；　where　a　party　charges　another　with　destroying　his　own　property　through　unsoundness　of　mind；　for　appointment　of　liquidators；　where　a　party　refuses　to　divide　property　in　which　others　have　a　share；　for　constituting　a　wardship；　for　determining　between　rival　claims　to　a　wardship；　for　granting　inspection　of　property　to　which　another　party　lays　　claim；　for　appointing　oneself　as　guardian；　and　for　determining　disputes　as　to　inheritances　and　wards　of　state。　The　Archon　also　has　the　care　of　orphans　and　wards　of　state；　and　of　women　who；　on　the　death　of　their　husbands；　declare　themselves　to　be　with　child；　and　he　has　power　to　inflict　a　fine　on　those　who　offend　against　the　persons　under　his　charge；　or　to　bring　the　case　before　the　law…courts。　He　also　　leases　the　houses　of　orphans　and　wards　of　state　until　they　reach　the　age　of　fourteen；　and　takes　mortgages　on　them；　and　if　the　guardians　fail　to　provide　the　necessary　food　for　the　children　under　their　charge；　he　exacts　it　from　them。　Such　are　the　duties　of　the　Archon。

Part　57

　　The　King　in　the　first　place　superintends　the　mysteries；　in　conjunction　with　the　Superintendents　of　Mysteries。　The　latter　are　elected　in　the　Assembly　by　open　vote；　two　from　the　general　body　of　Athenians；　one　from　the　Eumolpidae；　and　one　from　the　　Ceryces。　Next；　he　superintends　the　Lenaean　Dionysia；　which　consists　of　a　procession　and　a　contest。　The　procession　is　ordered　by　the　King　and　the　Superintendents　in　conjunction；　but　the　contest　is　managed　　by　the　King　alone。　He　also　manages　all　the　contests　of　the　torch…race；　and　to　speak　broadly；　he　administers　all　the　ancestral　sacrifices。　Indictments　for　impiety　come　before　him；　or　any　disputes　between　parties　concerning　priestly　rites；　and　he　also　determines　all　controversies　concerning　sacred　rites　for　the　ancient　　families　and　the　priests。　All　actions　for　homicide　come　before　him；　and　it　is　he　that　makes　the　proclamation　requiring　polluted　persons　to　keep　away　from　sacred　ceremonies。　Actions　for　homicide　and　wounding　are　　heard；　if　the　homicide　or　wounding　be　willful；　in　the　Areopagus；　so　also　　in　cases　of　killing　by　poison；　and　of　arson。　These　are　the　only　cases　heard　by　that　Council。　Cases　of　unintentional　homicide；　or　of　intent　to　kill；　or　of　killing　a　slave　or　a　resident　alien　or　a　foreigner；　　are　heard　by　the　court　of　Palladium。　When　the　homicide　is　acknowledged；　but　legal　justification　is　pleaded；　as　when　a　man　takes　an　adulterer　　in　the　act；　or　kills　another　by　mistake　in　battle；　or　in　an　athletic　contest；　the　prisoner　is　tried　in　the　court　of　Delphinium。　If　a　man　who　is　in　banishment　for　a　homicide　which　admits　of　reconcilliation　incurs　a　further　charge　of　killing　or　wounding；　he　is　tried　in　　Phreatto；　and　he　makes　his　defence　from　a　boat　moored　near　the　shore。　All　these　cases；　except　those　which　are　heard　in　the　Areopagus；　are　　tried　by　the　Ephetae