the story of mankind-第18章

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quest　of　copper）　had　taken　the　island　of　Sardinia。　Carthage

（in　quest　of　silver）　thereupon　occupied　all　of　southern　Spain。

This　made　Carthage　a　direct　neighbour　of　the　Romans。　The

latter　did　not　like　this　at　all　and　they　ordered　their　troops　to

cross　the　Pyrenees　and　watch　the　Carthaginian　army　of　occupation。



The　stage　was　set　for　the　second　outbreak　between　the　two

rivals。　Once　more　a　Greek　colony　was　the　pretext　for　a　war。

The　Carthaginians　were　besieging　Saguntum　on　the　east　coast

of　Spain。　The　Saguntians　appealed　to　Rome　and　Rome；　as

usual；　was　willing　to　help。　The　Senate　promised　the　help　of

the　Latin　armies；　but　the　preparation　for　this　expedition　took

some　time；　and　meanwhile　Saguntum　had　been　taken　and　had

been　destroyed。　This　had　been　done　in　direct　opposition　to

the　will　of　Rome。　The　Senate　decided　upon　war。　One　Roman

army　was　to　cross　the　African　sea　and　make　a　landing　on　Carthaginian

soil。　A　second　division　was　to　keep　the　Carthaginian

armies　occupied　in　Spain　to　prevent　them　from　rushing　to　the

aid　of　the　home　town。　It　was　an　excellent　plan　and　everybody

expected　a　great　victory。　But　the　Gods　had　decided

otherwise。



It　was　the　fall　of　the　year　218　before　the　birth　of　Christ

and　the　Roman　army　which　was　to　attack　the　Carthaginians　in

Spain　had　left　Italy。　People　were　eagerly　waiting　for　news　of

an　easy　and　complete　victory　when　a　terrible　rumour　began　to

spread　through　the　plain　of　the　Po。　Wild　mountaineers；　their

lips　trembling　with　fear；　told　of　hundreds　of　thousands　of

brown　men　accompanied　by　strange　beasts　‘‘each　one　as　big　as

a　house；''　who　had　suddenly　emerged　from　the　clouds　of　snow

which　surrounded　the　old　Graian　pass　through　which　Hercules；

thousands　of　years　before；　had　driven　the　oxen　of　Geryon　on

his　way　from　Spain　to　Greece。　Soon　an　endless　stream　of

bedraggled　refugees　appeared　before　the　gates　of　Rome；　with

more　complete　details。　Hannibal；　the　son　of　Hamilcar；　with

fifty　thousand　soldiers；　nine　thousand　horsemen　and　thirty…

seven　fighting　elephants；　had　crossed　the　Pyrenees。　He　had

defeated　the　Roman　army　of　Scipio　on　the　banks　of　the　Rhone

and　he　had　guided　his　army　safely　across　the　mountain　passes

of　the　Alps　although　it　was　October　and　the　roads　were　thickly

covered　with　snow　and　ice。　Then　he　had　joined　forces　with

the　Gauls　and　together　they　had　defeated　a　second　Roman

army　just　before　they　crossed　the　Trebia　and　laid　siege　to

Placentia；　the　northern　terminus　of　the　road　which　connected

Rome　with　the　province　of　the　Alpine　districts。



The　Senate；　surprised　but　calm　and　energetic　as　usual；

hushed　up　the　news　of　these　many　defeats　and　sent　two　fresh

armies　to　stop　the　invader。　Hannibal　managed　to　surprise

these　troops　on　a　narrow　road　along　the　shores　of　the　Trasimene

Lake　and　there　he　killed　all　the　Roman　officers　and　most

of　their　men。　This　time　there　was　a　panic　among　the　people

of　Rome；　but　the　Senate　kept　its　nerve。　A　third　army　was

organised　and　the　command　was　given　to　Quintus　Fabius　Maximus

with　full　power　to　act　‘‘as　was　necessary　to　save　the　state。''



Fabius　knew　that　he　must　be　very　careful　lest　all　be　lost。

His　raw　and　untrained　men；　the　last　available　soldiers；　were

no　match　for　Hannibal's　veterans。　He　refused　to　accept　battle

but　forever　he　followed　Hannibal；　destroyed　everything　eatable；

destroyed　the　roads；　attacked　small　detachments　and　generally

weakened　the　morale　of　the　Carthaginian　troops　by　a

most　distressing　and　annoying　form　of　guerilla　warfare。



Such　methods　however　did　not　satisfy　the　fearsome　crowds

who　had　found　safety　behind　the　walls　of　Rome。　They　wanted

‘‘action。''　Something　must　be　done　and　must　be　done　quickly。

A　popular　hero　by　the　name　of　Varro；　the　sort　of　man　who

went　about　the　city　telling　everybody　how　much　better　he　could

do　things　than　slow　old　Fabius；　the　‘‘Delayer；''　was　made

commander…in…chief　by　popular　acclamation。　At　the　battle　of

Cannae　（216）　he　suffered　the　most　terrible　defeat　of　Roman

history。　More　than　seventy　thousand　men　were　killed。　Hannibal

was　master　of　all　Italy。



He　marched　from　one　end　of　the　peninsula　to　the　other；

proclaiming　himself　the　‘‘deliverer　from　the　yoke　of　Rome''

and　asking　the　different　provinces　to　join　him　in　warfare　upon

the　mother　city。　Then　once　more　the　wisdom　of　Rome　bore

noble　fruit。　With　the　exceptions　of　Capua　and　Syracuse；　all

Roman　cities　remained　loyal。　Hannibal；　the　deliverer；

found　himself　opposed　by　the　people　whose　friend　he　pretended

to　be。　He　was　far　away　from　home　and　did　not　like

the　situation。　He　sent　messengers　to　Carthage　to　ask　for　fresh

supplies　and　new　men。　Alas；　Carthage　could　not　send　him

either。



The　Romans　with　their　boarding…bridges；　were　the　masters

of　the　sea。　Hannibal　must　help　himself　as　best　he　could。

He　continued　to　defeat　the　Roman　armies　that　were　sent　out

against　him；　but　his　own　numbers　were　decreasing　rapidly　and

the　Italian　peasants　held　aloof　from　this　self…appointed

‘‘deliverer。''



After　many　years　of　uninterrupted　victories；　Hannibal

found　himself　besieged　in　the　country　which　he　had　just

conquered。　For　a　moment；　the　luck　seemed　to　turn。　Hasdrubal；

his　brother；　had　defeated　the　Roman　armies　in　Spain。　He　had

crossed　the　Alps　to　come　to　Hannibal's　assistance。　He　sent

messengers　to　the　south　to　tell　of　his　arrival　and　ask　the　other

army　to　meet　him　in　the　plain　of　the　Tiber。　Unfortunately　the

messengers　fell　into　the　hands　of　the　Romans　and　Hannibal

waited　in　vain　for　further　news　until　his　brother's　head；　neatly

packed　in　a　basket；　came　rolling　into　his　camp　and　told　him

of　the　fate　of　the　last　of　the　Carthaginian　troops。



With　Hasdrubal　out　of　the　way；　young　Publius　Scipio

easily　reconquered　Spain　and　four　years　later　the　Romans

were　ready　for　a　final　attack　upon　Carthage。　Hannibal　was

called　back。　He　crossed　the　African　Sea　and　tried　to　organise

the　defences　of　his　home…city。　In　the　year　202　at　the　battle

of　Zama；　the　Carthaginians　were　defeated。　Hannibal　fled　to

Tyre。　From　there　he　went　to　Asia　Minor　to　stir　up　the　Syrians

and　the　Macedonians　against　Rome。　He　accomplished　very

little　but　his　activities　among　these　Asiatic　powers　gave　the

Romans　an　excuse　to　carry　their　warfare　into　the　territory　of

the　east　and　annex　the　greater　part　of　the　AEgean　world。



Driven　from　one　city　to　another；　a　fugitive　without　a　home；

Hannibal　at　last　knew　that　the　end　of　his　ambitious　dream　had

come。　His　beloved　city　of　Carthage　had　been　ruined　by　the

war。　She　had　been　forced　to　sign　a　terrible　peace。　Her　navy

had　been　sunk。　She　had　been　forbidden　to　make　war　without

Roman　permission。　She　had　been　condemned　to　pay　the　Romans

millions　of　dollars　for　endless　years　to　come。　Life　offered

no　hope　of　a　better　future。　In　the　year　190　B。C。　Hannibal　took

poison　and　killed　himself。



Forty　years　later；　the　Romans　forced　their　last　war　upon

Carthage。　Three　long　years　the　inhabitants　of　the　old　Phoenician

colony　held　out　against　the　power　of　the　new　republic。

Hunger　forced　them　to　surrender。　The　few　men　and　women

who　had　survived　the　siege　were　sold　as　slaves。　The　city　was

set　on　fire。　For　two　whole　weeks　the　store…houses　and　the　pal…

aces　and　the　great　arsenal　burned。　Then　a　terrible　curse　was

pronounced　upon　the　blackened　ruins　and　the　Roman　legions

returned　to　Italy　to　enjoy　their　victory。



For　the　next　thousand　years；　the　Mediterranean　remained

a　European　sea。　But　as　soon　as　the　Roman　Empire　had　been

destroyed；　Asia　made　another　attempt　to　dominate　this　great

inland　sea；　as　you　will　learn　when　I　tell　you　about　Mohammed。







THE　RISE　OF　ROME



HOW　ROME　HAPPENED





THE　Roman　Empire　was　an　accident。　No　one　planned　it。

It　‘‘happened。''　No　famous　general　or　statesman　or　cut…

throat　ever　got　up　and　said　‘‘Friends；　Romans；　Citizens；　we

must　found　an　Empire。　Follow　me　and　together　we　shall　conquer

all　the　land　from　the　Gates　of　Hercules　to　Mount　Taurus。''



Rome　p