the story of mankind-第2章

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5。　　THE　BEGINNING　OF　CIVILISATION　IN　THE　VALLEY　OF　THE　NILE

6。　　THE　RISE　AND　FALL　OF　EGYPT

7。　　MESOPOTAMIA；　THE　SECOND　CENTRE　OF　EASTERN　CIVILISATION

8。　　THE　SUMERIAN　NAIL　WRITERS；　WHOSE　CLAY　TABLETS　TELL　US

　　　　　　　THE　STORY　OF　ASSYRIA　AND　BABYLONIA；　THE　GREAT　SEMITIC

　　　　　　　MELTING…POT

9。　　THE　STORY　OF　MOSES；　THE　LEADER　OF　THE　JEWISH　PEOPLE

10。　THE　PHOENICIANS；　WHO　GAVE　US　OUR　ALPHABET

11。　THE　INDO…EUROPEAN　PERSIANS　CONQUER　THE　SEMITIC　AND　THE

　　　　　　　EGYPTIAN　WORLD

12。　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　AEGEAN　SEA　CARRIED　THE　CIVILISATION

　　　　　　　OF　OLD　ASIA　INTO　THE　WILDERNESS　OF　EUROPE

13。　MEANWHILE　THE　INDO…EUROPEAN　TRIBE　OF　THE　HELLENES　WAS

　　　　　　　TAKING　POSSESSION　OF　GREECE

14。　THE　GREEK　CITIES　THAT　WERE　REALLY　STATES

15。　THE　GREEKS　WERE　THE　FIRST　PEOPLE　TO　TRY　THE　DIFFICULT

　　　　　　　EXPERIMENT　OF　SELF…GOVERNMENT

16。　HOW　THE　GREEKS　LIVED

17。　THE　ORIGINS　OF　THE　THEATRE；　THE　FIRST　FORM　OF　PUBLIC

　　　　　　　AMUSEMENT

18。　HOW　THE　GREEKS　DEFENDED　EUROPE　AGAINST　AN　ASIATIC　INVASION　AND

DROVE　THE　PERSIANS　BACK　ACROSS　THE　AEGEAN　SEA

19。　HOW　ATHENS　AND　SPARTA　FOUGHT　A　LONG　AND　DISASTROUS　WAR

　FOR　THE　LEADERSHIP　OF　GREECE

20。　ALEXANDER　THE　MACEDONIAN　ESTABLISHES　A　GREEK　WORLD

EMPIRE；　AND　WHAT　BECAME　OF　THIS　HIGH　AMBITION

21。　A　SHORT　SUMMARY　OF　CHAPTERS　1　TO　20

22。　THE　SEMITIC　COLONY　OF　CARTHAGE　ON　THE　NORTHERN　COAST　OF

　AFRICA　AND　THE　INDO…EUROPEAN　CITY　OF　ROME　ON　THE　WEST

　COAST　OF　ITALY　FOUGHT　EACH　OTHER　FOR　THE　POSSESSION　OF

　THE　WESTERN　MEDITERRANEAN　AND　CARTHAGE　WAS　DESTROYED

23。　HOW　ROME　HAPPENED

24。　HOW　THE　REPUBLIC　OF　ROME；　AFTER　CENTURIES　OF　UNREST　AND

　REVOLUTION；　BECAME　AN　EMPIRE

25。　THE　STORY　OF　JOSHUA　OF　NAZARETH；　WHOM　THE　GREEKS　CALLED

　JESUS

26。　THE　TWILIGHT　OF　ROME

27。　HOW　ROME　BECAME　THE　CENTRE　OF　THE　CHRISTIAN　WORLD

28。　AHMED；　THE　CAMEL　DRIVER；　WHO　BECAME　THE　PROPHET　OF　THE

　ARABIAN　DESERT；　AND　WHOSE　FOLLOWERS　ALMOST　CONQUERED

　THE　ENTIRE　KNOWN　WORLD　FOR　THE　GREATER　GLORY　OF

　ALLAH；　THE　‘‘ONLY　TRUE　GOD''

29。　HOW　CHARLEMAGNE；　THE　KING　OF　THE　~　RANKS；　CAME　TO　BEAR

　THE　TITLE　OF　EMPEROR　AND　TRIED　TO　REVIVE　THE　OLD　IDEAL

　OF　WORLD…EMPIRE

30。　WHY　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　TENTH　CENTURY　PRAYED　THE　LORD

　TO　PROTECT　THEM　FROM　THE　FURY　OF　THE　NORSEMEN

31。　HOW　CENTRAL　EUROPE；　ATTACKED　FROM　THREE　SIDES；　BECAME

　AN　ARMED　CAMP　AND　WHY　EUROPE　WOULD　HAVE　PERISHED

　WITHOUT　THOSE　PROFESSIONAL　SOLDIERS　AND　ADMINISTRATORS

　WHO　WERE　PART　OF　THE　FEUDAL　SYSTEM

32。　CHIVALRY

33。　THE　STRANGE　DOUBLE　LOYALTY　OF　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　MIDDLE

　AGES；　AND　HOW　IT　LED　TO　ENDLESS　QUARRELS　BETWEEN　THE

　POPES　AND　THE　HOLY　ROMAN　EMPERORS

34。　BUT　ALL　THESE　DIFFERENT　QUARRELS　WERE　FORGOTTEN　WHEN

　THE　TURKS　TOOK　THE　HOLY　LAND；　DESECRATED　THE　HOLY

　PLACES　AND　INTERFERED　SERIOUSLY　WITH　THE　TRADE　FROM

　EAST　TO　WEST。　EUROPE　WENT　CRUSADING

35。　WHY　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　MIDDLE　AGES　SAID　THAT　CITY　AIR

　IS　FREE　AIR

36。　HOW　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　CITIES　ASSERTED　THEIR　RIGHT

　TO　BE　HEARD　IN　THE　ROYAL　COUNCILS　OF　THEIR　COUNTRY

37。　WHAT　THE　PEOPLE　OF　THE　MIDDLE　AGES　THOUGHT　OF　THE

　WORLD　IN　WHICH　THEY　HAPPENED　TO　LIVE

38。　HOW　THE　CRUSADES　ONCE　MORE　MADE　THE　MEDITERRANEAN　A

　BUSY　CENTRE　OF　TBADE　AND　HOW　THE　CITIES　OF　THE　ITALIAN

　PENINSULA　BECAME　THE　GREAT　DISTRIBUTING　CENTRE　FOR　THE

　COMMERCE　WITH　ASIA　AND　AFRICA

39。　PEOPLE　ONCE　MORE　DARED　TO　BE　HAPPY　JUST　BECAUSE　THEY

　WERE　ALIVE。　THEY　TRIED　TO　SAVE　THE　REMAINS　OF　THE

　OLDER　AND　MORE　AGREEABLE　CIVILISATION　OF　ROME　AND

　GREECE　AND　THEY　WERE　80　PROUD　OF　THEIR　ACHIEVEMENTS

　THAT　THEY　SPOKE　OF　A　RENAISSANCE　OR　RE…BIRTH　OF

　CIVILISATION

40。　THE　PEOPLE　BEGAN　TO　FEEL　THE　NEED　OF　GIVING　EXPRESSION

　TO　THEIR　NEWLY　DISCOVERED　JOY　OF　LIVING。　THEY　EXPRESSED

　THEIR　HAPPINES9　IN　POETRY　AND　IN　SCULPTURE　AND

　IN　ARCHITECTURE　AND　PAINTING；　AND　IN　THE　BOOKS　THEY

　PRINTED

41。　BUT　NOW　THAT　PEOPLE　HAD　BROKEN　THROUGH　THE　BONDS　OF

　THEIR　NARROW　~IEDIIEVAL　LIMITATIONS；　THEY　HAD　TO　HAVE

　MORE　ROOM　FOR　THEIR　WANDERINGS。　THE　EUROPEAN　WORLD

　HAD　GROWN　TOO　SMALL　FOR　THEIR　AMBITIONS。　IT　WAS　THE

　TIME　OF　THE　GREAT　VOYAGES　OF　DISCOVERY

42。　CONCERNING　BUDDHA　AND　CONFUCIUS

43。　THE　PROGRESS　OF　THE　HUMAN　RACE　IS　BEST　COMPARED　TO　A

　GIGANTIC　PENDULUM　WHICH　FOREVER　SWINGS　FORWARD　AND

　BACKWARD。　THE　RELIGIOUS　INDIFFERENCE　AND　THE　ARTISTIC

　AND　LITERARY　ENTHUSIASM　OF　THE　RENAISSANCE　WERE　FOLLOWED

　BY　THE　ARTISTIC　AND　LITERARY　INDIFFERENCE　AND　THE

　RELIGIOITS　ENTHUSIASM　OF　THE　REFORMATION

44。　THE　AGE　OF　THE　GREAT　RELIGIOUS　CONTROVERSIES

45。　HOW　THE　STRUGGLE　BETWEEN　THE　DIVINE　RIGHT　OF　KINGS

　AND　THE　LESS　DIVINE　BUT　MORE　REASONABLE　RIGHT　OF

　PARLIAMENT　ENDED　DISASTROUSLY　FOR　KING　CHARLES　II

46。　IN　FRANCE；　ON　THE　OTHER　HAND；　THE　DIVINE　RIGHT　OF　KINGS

　CONTINUED　WITH　GREATER　POMP　AND　SPLENDOR　THAN　EVER

　BEFORE　AND　THE　AMBITION　OF　THE　RULER　WAS　ONLY　TEMPERED

　BY　THE　NEWLY　INVENTED　LAW　OF　THE　BALANCE　OF　POWER

47。　THE　STORY　OF　THE　MYSTERIOUS　MUSCOVITE　EMPIRE　WHICH　SUDDENLY

　BURST　UPON　THE　GRAND　POLITICAL　STAGE　OF　EUROPE

48。　RUSSIA　AND　SWEDEN　FOUGHT　MANY　WARS　TO　DECIDE　WHO

　SHALL　BE　THE　LEADING　POWER　OF　NORTHEASTERN　EUROPE

49。　THE　EXTRAORDINARY　RISE　OF　A　LITTLE　STATE　IN　A　DREARY　PART

　OF　NORTHERN　GERMANY；　CALLED　PRUSSIA

50。　HOW　THE　NEWLY　FOUNDED　NATIONAL　OR　DYNASTIC　STATES　OF

　EUROPE　TRIED　TO　MAKE　THEMSELVES　RICH　AND　WHAT　WAS

　MEANT　BY　THE　MERCANTILE　SYSTEM

51。　AT　THE　END　OF　THE　EIGHTEENTH　CENTURY　EUROPE　HEARD

　STRANGE　REPORTS　OF　SOMETHING　WHICH　HAD　HAPPENED　IN

　THE　WILDERNESS　OF　THE　NORTH　AMERICAN　CONTINENT。　THE

　DESCENDANTS　OF　THE　MEN　WHO　HAD　PUNISHED　KING　CHARLES

　FOR　HIS　INSISTENCE　UPON　HIS　DIVINE　RIGHTS　ADDED　A

　NEW　CHAPTER　TO　THE　OLD　STORY　OF　THE　STRUGGLE　FOR　SELF…

　GOVERNMENT

62。　THE　GREAT　FRENCH　REVOLUTION　PROCLAIMS　THE　PRINCIPLES

　OF　LIBERTY；　FRATERNITY　AND　EQUALITY　UNTO　All　THE　PEOPLE

　OF　THE　EARTH

53。　NAPOLEON

54。　AS　SOON　AS　NAPOLEON　HAD　BEEN　SENT　TO　ST。　HELENA；　THE

　RULERS　WHO　SO　OFTEN　HAD　BEEN　DEFEATED　BY　THE　HATED

　CORSICAN　MET　AT　VIENNA　AND　TRIED　TO　UNDO　THE　MANY

　CHANCES　WHICH　HAD　BEEN　BROUGHT　ABOUT　BY　THE　FRENCH

　REVOLUTION

55。　THEY　TRIED　TO　ASSURE　THE　WORLD　AN　ERA　OF　UNDISTURBED

　PEACE　BY　SUPPRESSING　ALL　NEW　IDEAS。　THEY　MADE　THE

　POLICE…SPY　THE　HIGHEST　FUNCTIONARY　IN　THE　STATE　AND

　SOON　THE　PRISONS　OF　AIL　COUNTRIES　WERE　FILLED　WITH

　THOSE　WHO　CLAIMED　THAT　PEOPLE　HAVE　THE　RIGHT　TO

　GOVERN　THEMSELVES　AS　THEY　SEE　FIT

56。　THE　LOVE　OF　NATIONAL　INDEPENDENCE；　HOWEVER；　WAS　TOO

　STRONG　TO　BE　DESTROYED　IN　THIS　WAY。　THE　SOUTH　AMERICANS

　WERE　THE　FIRST　TO　REBEL　AGAINST　THE　REACTIONARY

　MEASURES　OF　THE　CONGRESS　OF　VIENNA。　GREECE　AND　BELGIUM

　AND　SPAIN　AND　A　LARGE　NUMBER　OF　OTHER　COUNTRIES

　OF　THE　EUROPEAN　CONTINENT　FOLLOWED　SUIT　AND　THE

　NINETEENTH　CENTURY　WAS　FILLED　WITH　THE　RUMOR　OF　MANY

　WARS　OF　INDEPENDENCE

57。　BUT　WHITE　THE　PEOPLE　OF　EUROPE　WERE　FIGHTING　FOR　THEIR

　NATIONAL　INDEPENDENCE；　THE　WORLD　IN　WHICH　THEY　LIVED

　HAD　BEEN　ENTIRELY　CHANGED　BY　A　SERIES　OF　INVENTIONS；

　WHICH　HAD　MADE　THE　CLUMSY　OLD　STEAM…ENGINE　OF　THE

　EIGHTEENTH　CENTURY　THE　MOST　FAITHFUL　AND　EFFICIENT

　STAVE　OF　MAN

58。　THE　NEW　ENGINES　WERE　VERY　EXPENSIVE　AND　ONLY　PEOPLE

　OF　WEALTH　COULD　AFFORD　THEM。　THE　OLD　CARPENTER　OR

　SHOEMAKER　WHO　HAD　BEEN　HIS　OWN　MASTER　IN　HIS　LITTLE

　WORKSHOP　WAS　OBLIGED　TO　HIRE　HIMSELF　OUT　TO　THE　OWNERS

　OF　THE　BIG　MECHANICAL　TOOLS；　AND　WHITE　HE　MADE

　MORE　MONEY　THAN　BEFORE；　HE　LOST　HIS　FORMER　INDEPENDENCE

　AND　HE　DID　NOT　LIKE　THAT

59。　THE　GENERAL　INTRODUCTION　OF　MACHINERY　DID　NOT　BRING

　ABOUT　THE　ERA　OF　HAPPINESS　AND　PROSPERITY　WHICH　HAD

　BEEN　PREDICTED　BY　THE　GENERATION　WHICH　SAW　THE　STAGE

　COACH　REPLACED　BY　THE　RAILROAD。　SEVERAL　REMEDIES

　WERE　SUGGESTED；　BUT　NONE　OF　THESE　QUITE　SOLVED　THE

　PROBLEM

60。　BUT　THE　WORLD　HAD　UNDERGONE　ANOTHER　CHANGE　WHICH　WAS

　OF　GREATER　IMPORTANCE　THAN　EITHER　THE　POLITICAL　OR　THE

　INDUSTRIAL　REVOLUTIONS。　AFTER　GENERATIONS　OF　OPPRESSION

　AND　PERSECUTION；　THE　SCIENTIST　HAD　AT　LAST　GAINED

　LIBERTY　OF　ACTION　AND　HE　WAS　NOW　TRYING　TO　DISCOVER

　THE　FUNDAMENTAL　LAWS　WHICH　GOVERN　THE　UNIVERSE

61。　A　CHA