the man versus the state-第34章

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nted；　and　adjusts　all　conduct　to　his　needs。　　　　　　Thus　by　survival　of　the　fittest；　the　militant　type　of　society　becomes　characterized　by　profound　faith　in　the　governing　power；　joined　with　a　loyalty　causing　submission　to　it　in　all　matters　whatever。　And　there　must　tend　to　be　established　among　those　who　speculate　about　political　affairs　in　a　militant　society；　a　theory　giving　form　to　the　needful　ideas　and　feelings；　accompanied　by　assertions　that　the　law…giver　if　not　divine　in　nature　is　divinely　directed；　and　that　unlimited　obedience　to　him　is　divinely　ordered。　　　　　Change　in　the　ideas　and　feelings　which　thus　become　characteristic　of　the　militant　form　of　organization；　can　take　place　only　where　circumstances　favour　development　of　the　industrial　form　of　organization。　Being　carried　on　by　voluntary　co…operation　instead　of　by　compulsory　co…operation；　industrial　life　as　we　now　know　it；　habituates　men　to　independent　activities；　leads　them　to　enforce　their　own　claims　while　respecting　the　claims　of　others；　strengthens　the　consciousness　of　personal　rights；　and　prompts　them　to　resist　excesses　of　governmental　control。　But　since　the　circumstances　which　render　war　less　frequent　arise　but　slowly；　and　since　the　modifications　of　nature　caused　by　the　transition　from　a　life　predominantly　militant　to　a　life　predominantly　industrial　can　therefore　go　on　only　little　by　little；　it　happens　that　the　old　sentiments　and　ideas　give　place　to　new　ones；　by　small　degrees　only。　And　there　are　several　reasons　why　the　transition　not　only　is；　but　ought　to　be；　gradual。　Here　are　some　of　them。　

In　the　primitive　man　and　in　man　but　little　civilized；　there　does　not　exist　the　nature　required　for　extensive　voluntary　co…operations。　Efforts　willingly　united　with　those　of　others　for　a　common　advantage；　imply；　if　the　undertaking　is　large；　a　perseverance　he　does　not　possess。　Moreover；　where　the　benefits　to　be　achieved　are　distant　and　unfamiliar；　as　are　many　for　which　men　now…a…days　combine；　there　needs　a　strength　of　constructive　imagination　not　to　be　found　in　the　minds　of　the　uncivilized。　And　yet　again；　great　combinations　of　a　private　kind　for　wholesale　production；　for　large　enterprises；　and　for　other　purposes；　require　a　graduated　subordination　of　the　united　workers　　a　graduated　subordination　such　as　that　which　militancy　produces。　In　other　words；　the　way　to　the　developed　industrial　type　as　we　now　know　it；　is　through　the　militant　type；　which；　by　discipline　generates　in　long　ages　the　power　of　continuous　application；　the　willingness　to　act　under　direction　（now　no　longer　coercive　but　agreed　to　under　contract）　and　the　habit　of　achieving　large　results　by　organizations。　　　　　　Consequently；　during　long　stages　of　social　evolution　there　needs；　for　the　management　of　all　matters　but　the　simplest；　a　governmental　power　great　in　degree　and　wide　in　range；　with　a　correlative　faith　in　it　and　obedience　to　it。　Hence　the　fact　that；　as　the　records　of　early　civilizations　show　us；　and　as　we　are　shown　in　the　East　at　present；　large　undertakings　can　be　achieved　only　by　State…action。　And　hence　the　fact　that　only　little　by　little　can　voluntary　co…operation　replace　compulsory　co…operation；　and　rightly　bring　about　a　correlative　decrease　of　faith　in　governmental　ability　and　authority。　　　　　　Chiefly；　however；　the　maintenance　of　this　faith　is　necessitated　by　the　maintenance　of　fitness　for　war。　This　involves　continuance　of　such　confidence　in　the　ruling　agency；　and　such　subordination　to　it；　as　may　enable　it　to　wield　all　the　forces　of　the　society　on　occasions　of　attack　or　defence；　and　there　must　survive　a　political　theory　justifying　the　faith　and　the　obedience。　While　their　sentiments　and　ideas　are　of　kinds　which　perpetually　endanger　peace；　it　is　requisite　that　men　should　have　such　belief　in　the　authority　of　government　as　shall　give　it　adequate　coercive　power　over　them　for　war　purposes　　a　belief　in　its　authority　which　inevitably；　at　the　same　time；　gives　it　coercive　power　over　them　for　other　purposes。　

Thus；　as　said　at　first；　the　fundamental　reason　for　not　expecting　much　acceptance　of　the　doctrine　set　forth；　is　that　we　have　at　present　but　partially　emerged　from　the　militant　regime　and　have　but　partially　entered　on　that　industrial　regime　to　which　this　doctrine　is　proper。　　　　　　So　long　as　the　religion　of　enmity　predominates　over　the　religion　of　amity；　the　current　political　superstition　must　hold　its　ground。　While　throughout　Europe；　the　early　culture　of　the　ruling　classes　is　one　which　every　day　of　the　week　holds　up　for　admiration　those　who　in　ancient　times　achieved　the　greatest　feats　in　battle；　and　only　on　Sunday　repeats　the　injunction　to　put　up　the　sword　　while　these　ruling　classes　are　subject　to　a　moral　discipline　consisting　of　six…sevenths　pagan　example　and　one…seventh　Christian　precept；　there　is　no　likelihood　that　there　will　arise　such　international　relations　as　may　make　a　decline　in　governmental　power　practicable；　and　a　corresponding　modification　of　political　theory　acceptable。　While　among　ourselves　the　administration　of　colonial　affairs　is　such　that　native　tribes　who　retaliate　on　Englishmen　by　whom　they　have　been　injured；　are　punished；　not　on　their　own　savage　principle　of　life　for　life；　but　on　the　improved　civilized　principle　of　wholesale　massacre　in　return　for　single　murder；　there　is　little　chance　that　a　political　doctrine　consistent　only　with　unaggressive　conduct　will　gain　currency。　While　the　creed　men　profess　is　so　interpreted　that　one　of　them　who　at　home　addresses　missionary　meetings；　seeks；　when　abroad；　to　foment　a　quarrel　with　an　adjacent　people　whom　he　wishes　to　subjugate；　and　then　receives　public　honours　after　his　death；　it　is　not　likely　that　the　relations　of　our　society　to　other　societies　will　become　such　that　there　can　spread　to　any　extent　that　doctrine　of　limited　governmental　functions　accompanying　the　diminished　governmental　authority　proper　to　a　peaceful　state。　A　nation　which；　interested　in　ecclesiastical　squabbles　about　the　ceremonies　of　its　humane　cult；　cares　so　little　about　the　essence　of　that　cult　that　fillibustering　in　its　colonies　receives　applause　rather　than　reprobation；　and　is　not　denounced　even　by　the　priests　of　its　religion　of　love；　is　a　nation　which　must　continue　to　suffer　from　internal　aggressions；　alike　of　individuals　on　one　another　and　of　the　State　on　individuals。　It　is　impossible　to　unite　the　blessings　of　equity　at　home　with　the　commission　of　inequities　abroad。　

Of　course；　there　will　arise　the　question　　Why；　then；　enunciate　and　emphasize　a　theory　at　variance　with　the　theory　adapted　to　our　present　state？　　　　　　Beyond　the　general　reply　that　it　is　the　duty　of　every　one　who　regards　a　doctrine　as　true　and　important；　to　do　what　he　can　towards　diffusing　it；　leaving　the　result　to　be　what　it　may　be；　there　are　several　more　special　replies；　each　of　which　is　sufficient。　　　　　　In　the　first　place　an　ideal；　far　in　advance　of　practicability　though　it　may　be；　is　always　needful　for　rightful　guidance。　If；　amid　all　those　compromises　which　the　circumstances　of　the　times　necessitate；　or　are　thought　to　necessitate；　there　exist　no　true　conceptions　of　better　and　worse　in　social　organization　　if　nothing　beyond　the　exigencies　of　the　moment　are　attended　to；　and　the　proximately　best　is　habitually　identified　with　the　ultimately　best；　there　cannot　be　any　true　progress。　However　distant　may　be　the　goal；　and　however　often　intervening　obstacles　may　necessitate　deviation　in　our　course　towards　it；　it　is　obviously　requisite　to　know　whereabouts　it　lies。　　　　　　Again；　while　something　like　the　present　degree　of　subjection　of　the　individual　to　the　State；　and　something　like　the　current　political　theory　adapted　to　it；　may　remain　needful　in　presence　of　existing　international　relations；　it　is　by　no　means　needful　that　this　subjection　should　be　made　greater　and　the　adapted　theory　strengthened。　In　our　days　of　active　philanthropy；　hosts　of　people　eager　to　achieve　benefits　for　their　less　fortunate　fellows　by　the　shortest　methods；　are　busily　occupied　in　developing　administrative　arrangements　of　a　kind　proper　to　a　lower　type　of　society　　are　bringing　about　retrogression　while　aiming　at　progression。　The　normal　difficulties　in　the　way　of　advance　are　sufficiently　great；　and　it　is　lamentable　that　they　should　be　made　greater。　Hence；　something　well　worth