the history-第102章
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had moreover been well provisioned beforehand with stores both of meat and drink；… nay； it is likely that after a few days' blockade the Lacedaemonians would have quitted Attica altogether； and gone back to Sparta… had not an event occurred most unlucky for the besieged； and most advantageous for the besiegers。 The children of the Pisistratidae were made prisoners； as they were being removed out of the country。 By this calamity all their plans were deranged； and…as the ransom of their children… they consented to the demands of the Athenians； and agreed within five days' time to quit Attica。 Accordingly they soon afterwards left the country； and withdrew to Sigeum on the Scamander； after reigning thirty…six years over the Athenians。 By descent they were Pylians； of the family of the Neleids； to which Codrus and Melanthus likewise belonged； men who in former times from foreign settlers became kings of Athens。 And hence it was that Hippocrates came to think of calling his son Pisistratus： he named him after the Pisistratus who was a son of Nestor。 Such then was the mode in which the Athenians got quit of their tyrants。 What they did and suffered worthy of note from the time when they gained their freedom until the revolt of Ionia from King Darius； and the coming of Aristagoras to Athens with a request that the Athenians would lend the Ionians aid； I shall now proceed to relate。 The power of Athens had been great before； but； now that the tyrants were gone； it became greater than ever。 The chief authority was lodged with two persons； Clisthenes； of the family of the Alcmaeonids； who is said to have been the persuader of the Pythoness； and Isagoras； the son of Tisander； who belonged to a noble house； but whose pedigree I am not able to trace further。 Howbeit his kinsmen offer sacrifice to the Carian Jupiter。 These two men strove together for the mastery； and Clisthenes； finding himself the weaker； called to his aid the common people。 Hereupon； instead of the four tribes among which the Athenians had been divided hitherto； Clisthenes made ten tribes； and parcelled out the Athenians among them。 He likewise changed the names of the tribes； for whereas they had till now been called after Geleon； Aegicores； Argades； and Hoples； the four sons of Ion； Clisthenes set these names aside； and called his tribes after certain other heroes； all of whom were native； except Ajax。 Ajax was associated because； although a foreigner； he was a neighbour and an ally of Athens。 My belief is that in acting thus he did but imitate his maternal grandfather； Clisthenes； king of Sicyon。 This king； when he was at war with Argos； put an end to the contests of the rhapsodists at Sicyon； because in the Homeric poems Argos and the Argives were so constantly the theme of song。 He likewise conceived the wish to drive Adrastus； the son of Talaus； out of his country； seeing that he was an Argive hero。 For Adrastus had a shrine at Sicyon； which yet stands in the market…place of the town。 Clisthenes therefore went to Delphi； and asked the oracle if he might expel Adrastus。 To this the Pythoness is reported to have answered… 〃Adrastus is the Sicyonians' king； but thou art only a robber。〃 So when the god would not grant his request； he went home and began to think how he might contrive to make Adrastus withdraw of his own accord。 After a while he hit upon a plan which he thought would succeed。 He sent envoys to Thebes in Boeotia； and informed the Thebans that he wished to bring Melanippus； the son of Astacus； to Sicyon。 The Thebans consenting； Clisthenes carried Melanippus back with him； assigned him a precinct within the government…house； and built him a shrine there in the safest and strongest part。 The reason for his so doing （which I must not forbear to mention） was because Melanippus was Adrastus' great enemy； having slain both his brother Mecistes and his son…in…law Tydeus。 Clisthenes； after assigning the precinct to Melanippus； took away from Adrastus the sacrifices and festivals wherewith he had till then been honoured； and transferred them to his adversary。 Hitherto the Sicyonians had paid extraordinary honours to Adrastus； because the country had belonged to Polybus； and Adrastus was Polybus' daughter's son； whence it came to pass that Polybus； dying childless； left Adrastus his kingdom。 Besides other ceremonies； it had been their wont to honour Adrastus with tragic choruses； which they assigned to him rather than Bacchus； on account of his calamities。 Clisthenes now gave the choruses to Bacchus； transferring to Melanippus the rest of the sacred rites。 Such were his doings in the matter of Adrastus。 With respect to the Dorian tribes； not choosing the Sicyonians to have the same tribes as the Argives； he changed all the old names for new ones； and here he took special occasion to mock the Sicyonians； for he drew his new names from the words 〃pig；〃 and 〃ass；〃 adding thereto the usual tribe…endings； only in the case of his own tribe he did nothing of the sort； but gave them a name drawn from his own kingly office。 For he called his own tribe the Archelai； or Rulers； while the others he named Hyatae； or Pig…folk； Oneatae； or Assfolk； and Choereatae； or Swine…folk。 The Sicyonians kept these names； not only during the reign of Clisthenes； but even after his death； by the space of sixty years： then； however； they took counsel together； and changed to the well…known names of Hyllaeans； Pamphylians； and Dymanatae； taking at the same time； as a fourth name； the title of Aegialeans； from Aegialeus the son of Adrastus。 Thus had Clisthenes the Sicyonian done。 The Athenian Clisthenes； who was grandson by the mother's side of the other； and had been named after him； resolved； from contempt （as I believe） of the Ionians； that his tribes should not be the same as theirs； and so followed the pattern set him by his namesake of Sicyon。 Having brought entirely over to his own side the common people of Athens； whom he had before disdained； he gave all the tribes new names； and made the number greater than formerly； instead of the four phylarchs he established ten； he likewise placed ten demes in each of the tribes； and he was； now that the common people took his part； very much more powerful than his adversaries。 Isagoras in his turn lost ground； and therefore； to counter…plot his enemy； he called in Cleomenes the Lacedaemonian； who had already； at the time when he was besieging the Pisistratidae； made a contract of friendship with him。 A charge is even brought against Cleomenes that he was on terms of too great familiarity with Isagoras's wife。 At this time the first thing that he did was to send a herald and require that Clisthenes； and a large number of Athenians besides； whom he called 〃The Accursed；〃 should leave Athens。 This message he sent at the suggestion of Isagoras： for in the affair referred to； the blood…guiltiness lay on the Alcmaeonidae and their partisans； while he and his friends were quite clear of it。 The way in which 〃The Accursed〃 at Athens got their name； was the following。 There was a certain Athenian called Cylon； a victor at the Olympic Games； who aspired to the sovereignty； and aided by a number of his companions； who were of the same age with himself； made an attempt to seize the citadel。 But the attack failed； and Cylon became a suppliant at the image。 Hereupon the Heads of the Naucraries； who at that time bore rule in Athens； induced the fugitives to remove by a promise to spare their lives。 Nevertheless they were all slain； and the blame was laid on the Alcmaeonidae。 All this happened before the time of Pisistratus。 When the message of Cleomenes arrived； requiring Clisthenes and 〃The Accursed〃 to quit the city； Clisthenes departed of his own accord。 Cleomenes； however； notwithstanding his departure； came to Athens； with a small band of followers； and on his arrival sent into banishment seven hundred Athenian families； which were pointed out to him by Isagoras。 Succeeding here； he next endeavoured to dissolve the council； and to put the government into the hands of three hundred of the partisans of that leader。 But the council resisted； and refused to obey his orders； whereupon Cleomenes； Isagoras； and their followers took possession o
