±´¿Çµç×ÓÊé > Ó¢ÎÄÔ­Öøµç×ÓÊé > theologico-political treatise p2(ÉñѧÓëÕþÖÎרÌâÑо¿2) >

µÚ2ÕÂ

theologico-political treatise p2(ÉñѧÓëÕþÖÎרÌâÑо¿2)-µÚ2ÕÂ


°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡û »ò ¡ú ¿É¿ìËÙÉÏÏ·­Ò³£¬°´¼üÅÌÉ쵀 Enter ¼ü¿É»Øµ½±¾ÊéĿ¼ҳ£¬°´¼üÅÌÉÏ·½Ïò¼ü ¡ü ¿É»Øµ½±¾Ò³¶¥²¿£¡
¡ª¡ª¡ª¡ªÎ´ÔĶÁÍꣿ¼ÓÈëÊéÇ©ÒѱãÏ´μÌÐøÔĶÁ£¡




nature¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡infinite£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡her¡¡¡¡¡¡laws¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡broad¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡enough¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡embrace¡¡

everything¡¡¡¡¡¡conceived¡¡¡¡¡¡by£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡Divine¡¡¡¡¡¡intellect£»¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡alternative¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡

assert¡¡that¡¡God¡¡has¡¡created¡¡nature¡¡so¡¡weak£»¡¡and¡¡has¡¡ordained¡¡for¡¡her¡¡laws¡¡

so¡¡barren£»¡¡that¡¡He¡¡is¡¡repeatedly¡¡compelled¡¡to¡¡come¡¡afresh¡¡to¡¡her¡¡aid¡¡if¡¡He¡¡

wishes¡¡that¡¡she¡¡should¡¡be¡¡preserved£»¡¡and¡¡that¡¡things¡¡should¡¡happen¡¡as¡¡He¡¡

desires£º¡¡a¡¡conclusion£»¡¡in¡¡My¡¡opinion£»¡¡very¡¡far¡¡removed¡¡from¡¡reason¡£¡¡£¨21£©¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡4¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡5¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡Theologico¡­Political¡¡Treatise¡¡Part¡¡2¡¡



Further£»¡¡as¡¡nothing¡¡happens¡¡in¡¡nature¡¡which¡¡does¡¡not¡¡follow¡¡from¡¡her¡¡laws£»¡¡

and¡¡as¡¡her¡¡laws¡¡embrace¡¡everything¡¡conceived¡¡by¡¡the¡¡Divine¡¡intellect£»¡¡and¡¡

lastly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡¡¡¡¡¡preserves¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡fixed¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡immutable¡¡¡¡¡¡order£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡clearly¡¡

follows¡¡that¡¡miracles¡¡are¡¡only¡¡intelligible¡¡as¡¡in¡¡relation¡¡to¡¡human¡¡opinions£»¡¡

and¡¡merely¡¡mean¡¡events¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡cause¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡explained¡¡by¡¡

a¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡any¡¡ordinary¡¡occurrence£»¡¡either¡¡by¡¡us£»¡¡or¡¡at¡¡any¡¡rate£»¡¡by¡¡the¡¡

writer¡¡and¡¡narrator¡¡of¡¡the¡¡miracle¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨22£©¡¡We¡¡may£»¡¡in¡¡fact£»¡¡say¡¡that¡¡a¡¡miracle¡¡is¡¡an¡¡event¡¡of¡¡which¡¡the¡¡causes¡¡

annot¡¡be¡¡explained¡¡by¡¡the¡¡natural¡¡reason¡¡through¡¡a¡¡reference¡¡to¡¡ascertained¡¡

workings¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡since¡¡¡¡¡¡miracles¡¡¡¡¡¡were¡¡¡¡¡¡wrought¡¡¡¡¡¡according¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

understanding¡¡of¡¡the¡¡masses£»¡¡who¡¡are¡¡wholly¡¡ignorant¡¡of¡¡the¡¡workings¡¡of¡¡

nature£»¡¡it¡¡is¡¡certain¡¡that¡¡the¡¡ancients¡¡took¡¡for¡¡a¡¡miracle¡¡whatever¡¡they¡¡could¡¡

not¡¡explain¡¡by¡¡the¡¡method¡¡adopted¡¡by¡¡the¡¡unlearned¡¡in¡¡such¡¡cases£»¡¡namely£»¡¡

an¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡appeal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡memory£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡recalling¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡something¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡similar£»¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡

ordinarily¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡regarded¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡without¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡wonder£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡people¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡think¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡

sufficiently¡¡understand¡¡a¡¡thing¡¡when¡¡they¡¡have¡¡ceased¡¡to¡¡wonder¡¡at¡¡it¡£¡¡£¨23£©¡¡

The¡¡¡¡¡¡ancients£»¡¡¡¡¡¡then£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡indeed¡¡¡¡¡¡most¡¡¡¡¡¡men¡¡¡¡¡¡up¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡present¡¡¡¡¡¡day£»¡¡¡¡¡¡had¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡

other¡¡criterion¡¡for¡¡a¡¡miracle£»¡¡hence¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡doubt¡¡that¡¡many¡¡things¡¡are¡¡

narrated¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Scripture¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡miracles¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡causes¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡easily¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

explained¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡reference¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡ascertained¡¡¡¡¡¡workings¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡nature¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨24£©¡¡¡¡¡¡We¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡

hinted¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡Chap¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡II¡££»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡speaking¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡¡¡¡¡sun¡¡¡¡¡¡standing¡¡¡¡¡¡still¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

time¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡Joshua£»¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡say¡¡¡¡on¡¡the¡¡subject¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡come¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡treat¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

interpretation¡¡of¡¡miracles¡¡later¡¡on¡¡in¡¡this¡¡chapter¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨25£©¡¡It¡¡is¡¡now¡¡time¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡on¡¡to¡¡the¡¡second¡¡point£»¡¡and¡¡show¡¡that¡¡we¡¡

cannot¡¡gain¡¡an¡¡understanding¡¡of¡¡God's¡¡essence£»¡¡existence£»¡¡or¡¡providence¡¡

by¡¡¡¡¡¡means¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡miracles£»¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡these¡¡¡¡¡¡truths¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡much¡¡¡¡¡¡better¡¡¡¡¡¡perceived¡¡

through¡¡the¡¡fixed¡¡and¡¡immutable¡¡order¡¡of¡¡nature¡£¡¡£¨26£©¡¡I¡¡thus¡¡proceed¡¡with¡¡

the¡¡demonstration¡£¡¡£¨27£©¡¡As¡¡God's¡¡existence¡¡is¡¡not¡¡self¡­evident¡¡£¨6£©¡¡it¡¡must¡¡

necessarily¡¡be¡¡inferred¡¡from¡¡ideas¡¡so¡¡firmly¡¡and¡¡incontrovertibly¡¡true£»¡¡that¡¡

no¡¡power¡¡can¡¡be¡¡postulated¡¡or¡¡conceived¡¡sufficient¡¡to¡¡impugn¡¡them¡£¡¡£¨28£©¡¡

They¡¡ought¡¡certainly¡¡so¡¡to¡¡appear¡¡to¡¡us¡¡when¡¡we¡¡infer¡¡from¡¡them¡¡God's¡¡

existence£»¡¡if¡¡we¡¡wish¡¡to¡¡place¡¡our¡¡conclusion¡¡beyond¡¡the¡¡reach¡¡of¡¡doubt£»¡¡

for¡¡if¡¡we¡¡could¡¡conceive¡¡that¡¡such¡¡ideas¡¡could¡¡be¡¡impugned¡¡by¡¡any¡¡power¡¡

whatsoever£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡their¡¡¡¡¡¡truth£»¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡our¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡5¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡6¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡Theologico¡­Political¡¡Treatise¡¡Part¡¡2¡¡



conclusion£»¡¡¡¡¡¡namely£»¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡God's¡¡¡¡¡¡existence£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡should¡¡¡¡¡¡never¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡able¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

certain¡¡of¡¡anything¡£¡¡£¨29£©¡¡Further£»¡¡we¡¡know¡¡that¡¡nothing¡¡either¡¡agrees¡¡with¡¡

or¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡contrary¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡unless¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡agrees¡¡¡¡with¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡contrary¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡these¡¡

primary¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas£»¡¡¡¡¡¡wherefore¡¡¡¡¡¡if¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡conceive¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡anything¡¡¡¡¡¡could¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡

done¡¡in¡¡nature¡¡by¡¡any¡¡power¡¡whatsoever¡¡which¡¡would¡¡be¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡

laws¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡nature£»¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡would¡¡¡¡¡¡also¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡contrary¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡¡¡primary¡¡¡¡¡¡ideas£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡

should¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡either¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡reject¡¡¡¡¡¡it¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡absurd£»¡¡¡¡¡¡or¡¡¡¡¡¡else¡¡¡¡¡¡to¡¡¡¡¡¡cast¡¡¡¡¡¡doubt¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨as¡¡¡¡¡¡just¡¡

shown£©¡¡on¡¡our¡¡primary¡¡ideas£»¡¡and¡¡consequently¡¡on¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡on¡¡¡¡¡¡everything¡¡¡¡¡¡howsoever¡¡¡¡¡¡perceived¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨30£©¡¡¡¡¡¡Therefore¡¡¡¡¡¡miracles£»¡¡¡¡¡¡in¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

sense¡¡of¡¡events¡¡contrary¡¡to¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡so¡¡far¡¡from¡¡demonstrating¡¡to¡¡

us¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡would£»¡¡on¡¡the¡¡contrary£»¡¡lead¡¡us¡¡to¡¡doubt¡¡it£»¡¡where£»¡¡

otherwise£»¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡might¡¡¡¡¡¡have¡¡¡¡¡¡been¡¡¡¡¡¡absolutely¡¡¡¡¡¡certain¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡it£»¡¡¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡knowing¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡

nature¡¡follows¡¡a¡¡fixed¡¡and¡¡immutable¡¡order¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨31£©¡¡¡¡Let¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡take¡¡¡¡¡¡miracle¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡meaning¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡explained¡¡

through¡¡natural¡¡causes¡£¡¡£¨32£©¡¡This¡¡may¡¡be¡¡interpreted¡¡in¡¡two¡¡senses£º¡¡either¡¡

as¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡has¡¡¡¡¡¡natural¡¡¡¡¡¡causes£»¡¡¡¡but¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡examined¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡the¡¡human¡¡

intellect£»¡¡or¡¡as¡¡that¡¡which¡¡has¡¡no¡¡cause¡¡save¡¡God¡¡and¡¡God's¡¡will¡£¡¡£¨33£©¡¡But¡¡

as¡¡all¡¡things¡¡which¡¡come¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡through¡¡natural¡¡causes£»¡¡come¡¡to¡¡pass¡¡also¡¡

solely¡¡through¡¡the¡¡will¡¡and¡¡power¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡it¡¡comes¡¡to¡¡this£»¡¡that¡¡a¡¡miracle£»¡¡

whether¡¡it¡¡has¡¡natural¡¡causes¡¡or¡¡not£»¡¡is¡¡a¡¡result¡¡which¡¡cannot¡¡be¡¡explained¡¡

by¡¡its¡¡cause£»¡¡that¡¡is¡¡a¡¡phenomenon¡¡which¡¡surpasses¡¡human¡¡understanding£»¡¡

but¡¡from¡¡such¡¡a¡¡phenomenon£»¡¡and¡¡certainly¡¡from¡¡a¡¡result¡¡surpassing¡¡our¡¡

understanding£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡can¡¡¡¡¡¡gain¡¡¡¡¡¡no¡¡¡¡¡¡knowledge¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨34£©¡¡¡¡¡¡For¡¡¡¡¡¡whatsoever¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡

understand¡¡clearly¡¡and¡¡distinctly¡¡should¡¡be¡¡plain¡¡to¡¡us¡¡either¡¡in¡¡itself¡¡or¡¡by¡¡

means¡¡of¡¡something¡¡else¡¡clearly¡¡and¡¡distinctly¡¡understood£»¡¡wherefore¡¡from¡¡

a¡¡miracle¡¡or¡¡a¡¡phenomenon¡¡which¡¡we¡¡cannot¡¡understand£»¡¡we¡¡can¡¡gain¡¡no¡¡

knowledge¡¡of¡¡God's¡¡essence£»¡¡or¡¡existence£»¡¡or¡¡indeed¡¡anything¡¡about¡¡God¡¡

or¡¡nature£»¡¡whereas¡¡when¡¡we¡¡know¡¡that¡¡all¡¡things¡¡are¡¡ordained¡¡and¡¡ratified¡¡

by¡¡God£»¡¡that¡¡the¡¡operations¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡follow¡¡from¡¡the¡¡essence¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡and¡¡

that¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡nature¡¡are¡¡eternal¡¡decrees¡¡and¡¡volitions¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡we¡¡must¡¡

perforce¡¡conclude¡¡that¡¡our¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡and¡¡of¡¡God's¡¡will¡¡increases¡¡

in¡¡proportion¡¡to¡¡our¡¡knowledge¡¡and¡¡clear¡¡understanding¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡

see¡¡how¡¡she¡¡depends¡¡on¡¡her¡¡primal¡¡cause£»¡¡and¡¡how¡¡she¡¡works¡¡according¡¡to¡¡

eternal¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡law¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨35£©¡¡¡¡¡¡Wherefore¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡so¡¡¡¡¡¡far¡¡¡¡as¡¡¡¡¡¡our¡¡¡¡understanding¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡goes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡those¡¡



¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡6¡¡


¡­¡¡Page¡¡7¡­

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡A¡¡Theologico¡­Political¡¡Treatise¡¡Part¡¡2¡¡



phenomena¡¡which¡¡we¡¡clearly¡¡and¡¡distinctly¡¡understand¡¡have¡¡much¡¡better¡¡

right¡¡to¡¡be¡¡called¡¡works¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡and¡¡to¡¡be¡¡referred¡¡to¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡God¡¡than¡¡

those¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡about¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡which¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡entirely¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡ignorant£»¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡although¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡appeal¡¡

powerfully¡¡to¡¡the¡¡imagination£»¡¡and¡¡compel¡¡men's¡¡admiration¡£¡¡

¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨36£©¡¡¡¡¡¡It¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡only¡¡¡¡¡¡phenomena¡¡¡¡¡¡that¡¡¡¡¡¡we¡¡¡¡¡¡clearly¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡distinctly¡¡¡¡¡¡understand£»¡¡

which¡¡heighten¡¡our¡¡knowledge¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡and¡¡most¡¡clearly¡¡indicate¡¡His¡¡will¡¡

and¡¡¡¡¡¡decrees¡£¡¡¡¡¡¡£¨37£©¡¡¡¡¡¡Plainly£»¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡but¡¡¡¡¡¡triflers¡¡¡¡¡¡who£»¡¡¡¡¡¡when¡¡¡¡¡¡they¡¡¡¡¡¡cannot¡¡

explain¡¡a¡¡thing£»¡¡run¡¡back¡¡to¡¡the¡¡will¡¡of¡¡God£»¡¡this¡¡is£»¡¡truly£»¡¡a¡¡ridiculous¡¡way¡¡

of¡¡expressing¡¡ignorance¡£¡¡£¨38£©¡¡Again£»¡¡even¡¡supposing¡¡that¡¡some¡¡conclusion¡¡

could¡¡be¡¡drawn¡¡from¡¡miracles£»¡¡we¡¡could¡¡not¡¡possibly¡¡infer¡¡from¡¡them¡¡the¡¡

existence¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡God£º¡¡¡¡¡¡for¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡¡¡¡¡miracle¡¡¡¡¡¡being¡¡¡¡¡¡an¡¡¡¡¡¡event¡¡¡¡¡¡under¡¡¡¡¡¡limitations¡¡¡¡¡¡is¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

expression¡¡of¡¡a¡¡fixed¡¡and¡¡limited¡¡power£»¡¡therefore¡¡we¡¡could¡¡not¡¡possibly¡¡

infer¡¡from¡¡an¡¡effect¡¡of¡¡this¡¡kind¡¡the¡¡existence¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cause¡¡whose¡¡power¡¡is¡¡

infinite£»¡¡but¡¡at¡¡the¡¡utmost¡¡only¡¡of¡¡a¡¡cause¡¡whose¡¡power¡¡is¡¡greater¡¡than¡¡that¡¡

of¡¡the¡¡said¡¡effect¡£¡¡£¨39£©¡¡I¡¡say¡¡at¡¡the¡¡utmost£»¡¡for¡¡a¡¡phenomenon¡¡may¡¡be¡¡the¡¡

result¡¡¡¡¡¡of¡¡¡¡¡¡many¡¡¡¡¡¡concurrent¡¡¡¡¡¡causes£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡its¡¡¡¡¡¡power¡¡¡¡¡¡may¡¡¡¡¡¡be¡¡¡¡¡¡less¡¡¡¡¡¡than¡¡¡¡¡¡the¡¡

power¡¡of¡¡the¡¡sum¡¡of¡¡such¡¡causes£»¡¡but¡¡far¡¡greater¡¡than¡¡that¡¡of¡¡any¡¡one¡¡of¡¡

them¡¡taken¡¡individually¡£¡¡£¨40£©¡¡On¡¡the¡¡other¡¡hand£»¡¡the¡¡laws¡¡of¡¡nature£»¡¡as¡¡we¡¡

have¡¡¡¡¡¡shown£»¡¡¡¡¡¡extend¡¡¡¡¡¡over¡¡¡¡¡¡infinity£»¡¡¡¡¡¡and¡¡¡¡¡¡are¡¡¡¡¡¡conceived¡¡¡¡¡¡by¡¡¡¡¡¡us¡¡¡¡¡¡as£»¡¡¡¡¡¡after¡¡¡¡¡¡a¡¡

fashion£»¡¡eternal£»¡¡and¡¡nature¡¡works¡¡in¡¡accordance¡¡with¡¡them¡¡in¡¡a¡¡fixed¡¡and¡¡

immutable¡¡order£»¡¡ther

·µ»ØĿ¼ ÉÏÒ»Ò³ ÏÂÒ»Ò³ »Øµ½¶¥²¿ ÔÞ£¨0£© ²È£¨0£©

Äã¿ÉÄÜϲ»¶µÄ