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hundred      years    after   Christ�察  �while    Greek    was    still  current    speech�察   �the 

Roman   Empire   was   so   dominant   that   the   common   people   were   talking 

Latin   almost   as   much   as   Greek�察  �and   gradually�察  �because   political   power 

was   behind   it�察  �the   Latin   gained   on   the   Greek�察  �and   became   virtually   the 

speech of the common people。 The movement to make the Bible talk the 

language of the time appeared again。 It is impossible to say now when the 

first translations into Latin were made。 Certainly there were some within 

two centuries after Christ�察�and by 250 A。D。 a whole Bible in Latin was in 

circulation   in   the   Roman   Empire。 The   translation   of   the   New Testament 

was from the Greek�察�of course�察�but so was that of the Old Testament�察�and 

the Latin versions of the Old Testament were�察�therefore�察�translations of a 

translation。 

     There   were   so   many   of   these   versions�察  �and   they  were   so   unequal   in 

value�察�that there was natural demand for a Latin translation that should be 

authoritative。   So   came   into   being   what   we   call   the Vulgate�察  �whose   very 

name   indicates   the   desire   to   get   the   Bible   into   the   vulgar   or   common 

tongue。 Jerome began by revising the earlier Latin translations�察�but ended 

by   going   back   of   all   translations   to   the   original   Greek�察  �and   back   of   the 

Septuagint to the original Hebrew wherever he could do so。 Fourteen years 

he labored�察�settling himself in Bethlehem�察�in Palestine�察�to do his work the 

better。 Barely four hundred years ��404 A。D。�� after the birth of Christ his 

Latin version appeared。 It met a storm of protest for its effort to go back of 

the Septuagint�察�so dominant had the translation become。 Jerome fought for 

it�察  �and   his   version    won    the   day�察  �and    became     the   authoritative     Latin 

translation of the Bible。 



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     For   seven   or   eight   centuries   it   held   its   sway   as   the   current   version 

nearest to the tongue of the people。 Latin had become the accepted tongue 

of   the   church。   There   was   little   general   culture�察  �there   was   little   general 

acquaintance   with   the   Bible   except   among   the   educated。   During   all   that 

time there was no real room for a further translation。 One of the writers��1�А�

says�此 �Medieval England was quite unripe for a Bible in the mother tongue�察�

while the illiterate majority were in no condition to feel the want of such a 

book�察�the educated minority would be averse to so great and revolutionary 

a change。; When a man cannot read any writing it really does not matter to 

him whether books are in current speech or not�察�and the majority of the 

people for those seven or eight centuries could read nothing at all。 Those 

who could read anything were apt to be able to read the Latin。 

       ��1�А�Hoare�察�Evolution of the English Bible�察�p。 39。 

       These centuries added to the conviction of many that the Bible ought 

not to become too common�察�that it should not be read by everybody�察�that it 

required a certain amount of learning to make it safe reading。 They came 

to feel that it is as important to have an authoritative interpretation of the 

Bible   as   to   have   the   Bible   itself。 When   the   movement   began   to   make   it 

speak   the   new   English   tongue�察  �it   provoked   the   most   violent   opposition。 

Latin had been good enough for a millennium�察�why cheapen the Bible by a 

translation�拭�There had grown up a feeling that Jerome himself had been 

inspired。   He   had   been   canonized�察  �and   half   the   references   to   him   in   that 

time speak of him as the inspired translator。 Criticism of his version was 

counted   as   impious   and   profane   as   criticisms   of   the   original   text   could 

possibly have been。 It is one of the ironies of history that the version for 

which Jerome had to fight�察�and which was counted a piece of impiety itself�察�

actually became the ground on which men stood when they fought against 

another version�察�counting anything else but this very version an impious 

intrusion� �

     How early the movement for an English Bible began�察�it is impossible 

now to say。 Certainly just before 700 A。D。�察�that first singer of the English 

tongue�察�Caedmon�察�had learned to paraphrase the Bible。 We may recall the 

Venerable Bede's charming story of him�察�and how he came by his power 

of interpretation。 Bede himself was a child when Caedmon died�察�and the 



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romance of the story makes it one of the finest in our literature。 Caedmon 

was a peasant�察�a farm laborer in Northumbria working on the lands of the 

great Abbey at Whitby。 Already he had passed middle life�察�and no spark of 

genius had   flashed   in   him。   He   loved   to   go   to   the   festive   gatherings   and 

hear   the   others   sing   their   improvised   poems�察  �but�察  �when   the   harp   came 

around to him in due course�察�he would leave the room�察�for be could not 

sing。 One night when he had slipped away from the group in shame and 

had made his rounds of the horses and cattle under his care�察�he fell asleep 

in   the   stable   building�察  �and   heard   a   voice   in   his   sleep   bidding   him   sing。 

When he declared he could not�察�the voice still bade him sing。 ;What shall I 

sing�拭─  �he   asked。   ;Sing   the   first   beginning   of   created   things。;   And   the 

words   came   to   him�察  �and�察  �still   dreaming�察  �he   sang   his   first   hymn   to   the 

Creator。 In the morning he told his story�察�and the Lady Abbess found that 

he had the divine gift。 The monks had but to translate to him bits of the 

Bible   out   of   the   Latin�察  �which   he   did   not   understand�察  �into   his   familiar 

Anglo´Saxon tongue�察�and he would cast it into the rugged Saxon measures 

which could be sung by the common people。 So far as we can tell�察�it was 

so�察  �that   the   Bible   story   became   current   in   Anglo´Saxon   speech。          Bede 

himself      certainly    put   the  Gospel     of   John    into   Anglo´Saxon。        At   the 

Bodleian      Library�察   �at  Oxford�察    �there    is  a  manuscript      of  nearly    twenty 

thousand lines�察�the metrical version of the Gospel and the Acts�察�done near 

1250 by  an Augustinian   monk named   Orm�察�and   so called   the   Ormulum。 

There were other metrical versions of various parts of the Bible。 Midway 

between   Bede   and   Orm   came   Langland's   poem�察              �The   Vision   of    Piers 

Plowman�察─�which paraphrased so much of the Scripture。 

     Yet the fact is that until the last quarter of the fourteenth century there 

was no prose version of the Bible in the English language。 Indeed�察�there 

was only  coming to   be an   English language。  It was   gradually  emerging�察�

taking definite shape and form�察�so that it could be distinguished from the 

earlier Norman French�察�Saxon�察�and Anglo´Saxon�察�in which so much of it is 

rooted。 

     As soon as the language grew definite enough�察�it was inevitable that 

two   things   should   come   to   pass。   First�察  �that   some   men   would   attempt   to 

make a colloquial version of the Bible�察�and�察�secondly�察�that others would 



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oppose it。 One can count with all confidence on these two groups of men�察�

marching through history like the animals into the ark�察�two and two。 Some 

men propose�察�others oppose。 They are built on those lines。 

     We are more concerned with the men who made the versions�察�but we 

must think a momen

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