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study of the king james bible(杯咫ヾ淵将ゝ冩梢)-及48嫗

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the earlier copyist�察�and that he had completed his work by putting it on the 

margin。   So   the   next   copyist   would   put   it   into   his   own   text。   Once   in   a 

manuscript�察       �it  would     readily     become      part    of   the   accepted      form。 

Discoveries that bring that sort of thing to light are of value in giving us an 

accurate version of the original Bible。 

     3。 Then there are in our King James version a few archaic and obsolete 

phrases。     We    have    already    spoken     of  them。    Most    of   them    have    been 

avoided      in  the   revised    versions。     The    neuter   possessive      pronoun�察    �for 

example�察  �has   been   put   in。   Animal   names   have   been   clarified�察  �obsolete 

expressions have been replaced by more familiar ones�察�and so on。 

     4。 Then there were certain inaccuracies in the King James version。 The 

fact is familiar that they transliterated certain words which they could not 

well   translate。   In   the   revised   versions   that   has   been   carried   farther   still。 

The   words   which   they   translated   ;hell;   have   been   put   back   into   their 

Hebrew and Greek equivalents�察�and appear as Sheol and Hades。 Another 

instance is that of an Old Testament word�察�Asherah�察�which was translated 

always   ;grove�察─  �and   was   used   to   describe   the   object   of   worship   of   the 

early enemies of Israel。 The translation does not quite represent the fact�察�

and   the   revisers   have   therefore   replaced   the   old   Hebrew   word Asherah。 

The transliterations of the King James version have not been changed into 

translations。 Instead�察�the number of transliterations has been increased in 

the   interest   of   accuracy。 At   one   point   one   might   incline   to   be   adversely 

critical   of   the   American   revisers。   They   have   transliterated   the   Hebrew 

word Jehovah�察�so they have taken sides in a controversy where scholars 

have room to differ。 The version would have gained in strength if it had 

retained     the   dignified    and    noble    word    ;Lord�察─   �which     comes     as  near 

representing the idea of the Hebrew word for God as any word we could 

find。 It must be added that the English of neither of our new versions has 

the rhythm and movement of the old version。 That is partly because we are 

so    accustomed       to   the  old   expressions      and    new    ones    strike   the   ear 



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unpleasantly。   In   any   case�察  �the   versions   differ   plainly   in   their   English。   It 

seems      most    unlikely   that   either   of   these   versions    shall   ever   have    the 

literary influence of the King James�察�though any man who will prophesy 

about�察�that affects a wisdom which he has not。 

     These�察    �then�察  �are   the   two   differences     between      this  lecture    and   the 

preceding ones�察�that in this lecture we shall deal with judgments as well as 

facts�察�and that we shall deal with the Bible of to´day rather than the King 

James version。 

     Passing      to  the   heart   of  the   subject�察   �the  question     appears     at  once 

whether the Bible has or can have to´day the influence or the place which 

it seems to have had in the past。 Two things�察�force that question�此�Has not 

the critical study of the Bible itself robbed it of its place of authority�察�and 

have not the changes of our times destroyed its possibilities of influence�拭�

That is�察�on the one hand�察�has   not the Bible been   changed�拭�On the  other 

hand�察�has it not   come   into such new  conditions that it   cannot do its  old 

work�拭�

     It   is   a   natural   but   a   most   mistaken   idea that   the   critical study  of   the 

Bible is a new thing。 From long before the childhood of any of us there 

has been sharp controversy about the Bible。 It is a controversy´provoking 

Book。 It cannot accept blind faith。 It always has made men think�察�and it 

makes   them   think   in   the      line   of   their   own  times。   The    days   when   no 

questions   were   raised   about   the   Bible   were   the   days   when   men   had   no 

access to it。 

     There   are   some   who   take   all   the   Bible   for   granted。   They   know   that 

there is indifference to it among friends and in their social circle�察�but how 

real the dispute about the Bible is   no one realizes until he comes   where 

new ideas�察�say ideas of socialism�察�are in the air。 There�察�with the breaking 

of other chains�察�is a mighty effort to break this bond also。 In such circles 

the   Bible   is   little   read。   It   is   discussed�察  �and   time´   worn   objections   are 

bandied   about�察  �always   growing   as   they   pass。   In   these   circles   also   every 

supposedly adverse result of critical study is welcomed and remembered。 

If it is said that there are unexplained contradictions in the Bible�察�that fact 

is remembered。 But if it is said further that those contradictions bid fair to 

yield to further critical study�察�or to a wiser understanding of the situations 



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in which they are involved�察�that fact is overlooked。 The tendency in these 

circles is to keep alive rather the adverse phases of critical study than its 

favorable phases。 Some of those who speak most fiercely about the study 

of the Bible�察�by what is known as higher criticism�察�are least intelligent as 

to    what    higher     criticism    actually    means。     Believers      regret   it�察 �and 

unbelievers   rejoice   in   it。   As   a   matter   of   fact�察  �in   developing   any   strong 

feeling about higher criticism one only falls a prey to words�察�he mistakes 

the meaning of both the words involved。 

     Criticism does not mean finding fault with the Bible。��1�А�It is almost an 

argument for total depravity that we have made the word gain an adverse 

meaning�察�so that if the average man were told that he had been ;criticized; 

by another be would suppose that something had been said against him。 Of 

course�察�intelligent people know that that is not necessarily involved。 When 

Kant wrote The Critique of Pure Reason he was not finding fault with pure 

reason。   He   was   only  making   careful   analytical   study  of   it。   Now�察  �critical 

study   of   the   Bible   is   only   careful   study   of   it。   It   finds   vastly   more   new 

beauties     than   unseen    defects。   In   the  same    way    the  adjective    ;higher; 

comes in for misunderstanding。 It does not mean superior�察�it means more 

difficult。 Lower criticism is the study of the text itself。 What word ought to 

be here�察�and exactly what does that word mean�拭�What is the comparative 

value   of   this   manuscript   over   against   that   one�拭  �If   this   manuscript   has   a 

certain word and that other has a slightly different one�察�which word ought 

to be used�拭�

       ��1�А�Jefferson�察�Things Fundamental�察�p。 90。 

       Take one illustration from the Old Testament and one from the New 

to show what lower or textual criticism does。 In the ninth chapter of Isaiah 

the third verse reads�此 �Thou hast multiplied the nation and not increased 

the joy。; That word ;not; is troublesome。 It disagrees with the rest of the 

passage。   Now   it   happens   that   there   are   two   Hebrew   words   pronounced 

;lo�察─�just alike in sound�察�but spelled differently。 One means ;not�察─�the other 

means ;to him; or ;his。; Put the second word in�察�and the sentence reads�此�

;Thou      hast  multiplied     the  nation    and   increased    its  joy。;  That    fits  the 

context exactly。 Lower criticism declares that it is therefore the probable 

reading�察�and corrects the text in that way。 



                         

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