心理学与生活-第124章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
As Lewin’s prominence in the German academic world continued to grow； so too did the power
of the Nazi Party。 Lewin was spending a year as visiting professor at Stanford University when it
became apparent that Hitler’s control of Germany was inevitable。 He hurriedly returned to
Germany to settle his affairs and then reentered the United States； where he lived until his death。
His career in America was varied and productive。 He taught child psychology at Cornell
University from 1933 to 1935； then accepted an appointment to the State University of Iowa as
professor of psychology in the Child Welfare Station。 Lewin’s last academic position was as
professor and director of the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology。 Concurrently； he acted as director of the mission of Interrelations of the
American Jewish Congress； which engaged in research on munity problems。 While the
influence of Lewin’s work has spread widely over the last three decades； the work in group
dynamics carried on by the Research Center for Group Dynamics at the University of Michigan
most closely follows the theories Lewin proposed。
349
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
TIMELINE
Year Event
1908 William McDougall published An Introduction to Social Psychology； one of the
earliest books on the subject。
19141918
World War I was fought。
1924 Floyd Allport published Social Psychology； the first college text for this area of
psychology。
1929 The Great Depression began in America。
1936 Muzafer Sherif conducted his important autokinetic studies involving social
influence。
19391945
World War II was fought。
1944 Kurt Lewin established the Research Center for Group Dynamics at MIT。
19501953
The Korean War was fought。
1957 Leon Festinger published the theory of cognitive dissonance。
1964 The stabbing of Kitty Genovese in Queens； New York； resulted in public
outrage at the perceived apathy of the bystanders。
1967 Harold Kelley’s analysis started researchers working on attributional
analyses of social behavior。
1968 Bibb Latane and John Darley published their research on the bystander
effect。
1969 The first human landing on the moon occurred。
1971 Philip Zimbardo； Craig Haney； and Curt Banks conducted the Stanford
prison study； in which college students were randomly assigned to play the
roles of prisoners and guards in a mock prison。
1974 Stanley Milgram published Obedience to Authority； outlining the methods；
findings； and significance of his obedience research。
1975 E。 O。 Wilson published Sociobiology： The New Synthesis； describing the
application of genetics to the study of social behavior。
350
CHAPTER 17： SOCIAL PROCESSES AND RELATIONSHIPS
SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READING
Aronson； E。 （1994）。 The Social Animal； 7th Ed。 New York： W。 H。 Freeman。 A narrative approach to
social psychology。 This classic presents theory and research in an interesting and very
relevant manner。 Topics covered include prejudice； propaganda； war； alienation； aggression；
unrest； and political upheaval。
Carkenord； D。 M。 & Bullington； J。 （1993）。 Bringing Cognitive Dissonance to the Classroom。 Teaching of
Psychology； 20（l）； 41…43。 Provides a sample handout for use during lectures on cognitive
dissonance； the handout enables students to see the areas of dissonance in their own lives。
Cialdini； R。 B。 （1988）。 Influence： Science and Practice； 2nd Ed。 Glenview； IL： Scott； Foresman。 A lively
account of theory and research in the area of social influence； contains many real…world
illustrations。
Cialdini； R。； & Trost； M。 （1998）。 Social Influence。 Social Norms； Conformity and pliance。 In The
Handbook of Social Psychology； Vol。 2； 4th Ed。； 151…192。 A prehensive review of research on
social norms； conformity； and pliance organized around three goals of behavior。 The
goals are to behave effectively； to build and maintain relationships and to manage self…
concept。
Deaux； K。； & Wrightsman； L。 （1988）。 Social Psychology； 5th Ed。 Pacific Grove； CA： Brooks/Cole。 A
basic text with wide coverage。 Research…oriented； with emphasis on applications of social
psychology。
Evans； R。 （1980）。 The Making of Social Psychology Discussions with Creative Contributors。 New York：
Gardner Press。 A collection of Evans’ discussions with nineteen significant contributors to the
field of social psychology； and is an excellent reference for both biographical and historical
material。
Festinger； L。 （1957）。 A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance。 Evanston； IL： Row； Peterson。 A classic text in
social psychology。 Explores the relationship between thoughts； feelings； and behavior； and
shows that inconsistent cognitions can lead to changes in attitudes and behavior。
Lewin； K。 （1951）。 Field Theory in Social Science： Selected Theoretical Papers。 Edited by Dorwin
Cartwright。 New York： Harpers。 A classic text by the founder of the discipline of social
psychology。
Reber； A。 S。 （1985）。 The Penguin Dictionary of Psychology。 London： The Penguin Group。 A concise；
cogent dictionary of even the most obscure psychological terms。
Rosenthal； R。； & Jacobson； L。 （1968）。 Pygmalion in the Classroom： Teacher Expectations and Intellectual
Development。 New York： Holt； Rinehart & Winston。 Classic study of the self…fulfilling
prophecy process and its application in the classroom。
Ross； L。； & Nisbett； R。 （1991）。 The Person and the Situation： Perspectives of Social Psychology。 New
York： McGraw…Hill。 An excellent summary and review of the field of social psychology by
two leading researchers。 Presents the plex and often contradictory findings of social
psychology in a manner easily understood by all。
Tesser； A。 （1995）。 Advanced Social Psychology。 New York： McGraw…Hill。 An excellent introduction
to the field of social psychology。 Individual chapters are written by leading researchers in
different areas of social psychology。
351
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
352
CHAPTER 17： SOCIAL PROCESSES AND RELATIONSHIPS
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 17： SEX AND GENDER
Overview
The ways in which males and females are similar and different； and how sex roles reflect
social values and psychological knowledge。
Key Issues
How sex hormones affect gender behavior in rats； how the environment affects gender roles；
reasons for self…segregation by gender among preschool children； artificial limits imposed on
female gender roles； relationship between gender roles and depression； and how gender
stereotypes in advertisements affect behavior。
Demonstrations
Sex differences in the play behavior of baby rats。
Self…segregation by gender in a preschool。
Archival Demonstrations
Socialization differences in gender appropriate behavior and dress。
Interviews
Developmental neuroscientist Michael Meaney studies why male rats are more apt to engage
in rough…and…tumble play； while female rats are consistently less aggressive and less
physical。
Eleanor Maccoby examines why children tend to socialize with other children of the same
sex。
Jean Block examines the differences in the socialization of male and female children and its
effects on their relationships with other children of the same and opposite sex。
PROGRAM 20： CONSTRUCTING SOCIAL REALITY
Overview
The factors that contribute to our interpretation of reality and how understanding the
psychological processes that govern our behavior may help us to bee more empathetic
and independent members of society。
Key Issues
Power of cognitive control； the Pygmalion effect； how teachers’ expectations affect children’s
test scores； the development of prejudice in a grammar school classroom； and the principle of
pliance as illustrated in television ads。
353
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Demonstrations
The self…fulfilling prophecy study； or the Pygmalion effect。
The principles of pliance illustrated with actual television advertisements。
Jane Elliot’s blue…eyed versus brown…eyed case study。
Students’ enhanced self…esteem and performance due to the jigsaw classroom。
New Interview
Steven Hassan lo
