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第139章

心理学与生活-第139章

小说: 心理学与生活 字数: 每页4000字

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the answer keys in your workbook。 When you have done so; fill in the Data Tabulation Sheet in 
your workbook; state your conclusion; and draw the graph requested。 
10。 The individual data should be tallied for the class on the chalkboard or on an overhead projector。 If 
there is time; a class graph and within…subjects t…test can be puted。 
DISCUSSION; EXTENSIONS; AND EXPERIMENTAL VARIATIONS 

1。 Perform the experiment with some students in the Hello condition not doing the narrative chaining 
to see the effects of distraction not aided by making the word lists more meaningful。 pare recall 
for the most vivid and bizarre list…stories with more mundane ones。 
2。 Vary the type of depth…of…processing instructions; for example; a vivid image of the first word on the 
list or a rhyme for each word。 A yoked…control group might use the story chains that were created 
by the Hello group to see if generating a personally meaningful integration is necessary for the 
effect or if performing the task with an arbitrary story chain is as effective。 
3。 Have students graph the data to investigate serial position effects–by lists rather than by individual 
words–for each type of memory measure。 
4。 With brighter students; shorten the exposure time to each list; lengthen the size of the lists; and 
extend the delay interval。 
ADDITIONAL RESOURCES 

Bower; G。; & Clark; M。 C。 (1969)。 Narrative stories as mediators for serial learning。 Psychonomic Science; 14; 
181…182。 

Craik; F。 I。 M。; & Watkins; M。 J。 (1973)。 The role of rehearsal in short…term memory。 Journal of Verbal Learning 
and Verbal Behavior; 12; 599…607。 

Lorayne; H。; & Lucas; J。 (I 975)。 The Memory Book。 New York: Ballantine Books。 

Modigliani; V; & Searnon; J。 G。 (1974)。 Transfer of information from short…term to long…term memory。 Journal 
of Experimental Psychology; 102; 768…772。 

Shimamura; A。Y。 (1984)。 A guide for teaching mnemonic skills。 Teaching of Psychology; 11; 162…166。 

Thieman; T。 J。 (1984)。 A classroom demonstration of encoding specificity。 Teaching of Psychology; 11; 101


102。 
400 


WORD LISTS FOR DEPTH…OF…PROCESSING STUDY


Repeat Hello Repeat Hello 
(Practice) (Practice) (1) (2) 
apple flower river body 
fire queen garden letter 
storm army lake girl 
ship kiss sugar rock 
king street bird tree 
(3) (4) (5) (6) 
lip shoes water weapon 
book machine hall home 
seat boy market skin 
gold village camp moat 
valley green shore car 
(7) (8) (9) (10) 
cat soil iron picture 
sky city party judge 
horse mountain doctor star 
vehicle house railroad door 
money prison square sea 

401 


IMMEDIATE RECALL ANSWER SHEET


A。 Practice B。 Practice 
1。 2。 
3。 4。 
5。 6。 
7。 8。 
9。 10。 

Do not turn to the next page until you are instructed to do so。 

402 


DELAYED RECALL ANSWER SHEET


Do not turn to the next page until you are instructed to do so。 

403 


RECOGNITION TEST ANSWER SHEET 

Circle each word if it was on a list that you heard and saw。 

1。 iron soil chair doctor lake 
2。 crane rain garden shoes star 
3。 machine heap green book button 
4。 ketchup almond lamp moat car 
5。 market party square train roast 
6。 house business lip ram horse 
7。 spit boy dam shore railroad 
8。 sea illness hall harness hand 
9。 film shout dirt box rock 
10。 mortar sprain loan sugar prison 
11。 river door picture golf ball 
12。 sip water mountain map sheet 
13。 guest juice meat judge couch 
14。 home skin stone television village 
15。 priest gold cat weapon kangaroo 
16。 wind cannon sled city valley 
17。 spoon bird mast pickax spell 
18。 seat steeple letter sky corn 
19。 vehicle money fox wax lily 
20。 tree body game girl camp 

Do not turn the page until instructed to do so。 

404 


ANSWER KEY FOR THE IMMEDIATE RECALL TEST 

A。 Practice B。 Practice 
apple flower 
fire queen 
storm army 
ship kiss 
king street 

1。 river 2。 body 
garden letter 
lake girl 
sugar rock 
bird tree 
3。 lip 4。 shoes 
book machine 
seat boy 
gold village 
valley green 
5。 water 6。 weapon 
hall home 
market skin 
camp moat 
shore car 
7。 cat 8。 soil 
sky city 
horse mountain 
vehicle house 
money prison 
9。 iron 10。 picture 
party judge 
doctor star 
railroad door 
square sea 
Totals 
Correct R: Correct H: 

Do not turn to the next page until instructed to do so。 

405 


ANSWER KEY FOR THE DELAYED RECALL TEST


A。 Practice B。 Practice 
apple flower 
fire queen 
storm army 
ship kiss 
king street 
1。 river 2。 body 
garden letter 
lake girl 
sugar rock 
bird tree 
3。 lip 4。 shoes 
book machine 
seat boy 
gold village 
valley green 
5。 water 6。 weapon 
hall home 
market skin 
camp moat 
shore car 
7。 cat 8。 soil 
sky city 
horse mountain 
vehicle house 
money prison 
9。 iron 10。 picture 
party judge 
doctor star 
railroad door 
square sea 

Totals 

406 


Correct R: Correct H:


Do not turn to the next page until instructed to do so。 

407 


ANSWER KEY FOR THE RECOGNITION TEST 


1。 +9 iron +8 soil — +9 doctor +1 lake 
2。 — — +1 garden +4 shoes +10 star 
3。 +4 machine — +4 green +3 book — 
4。— — — +6 moat +6car 
5。 +5 market +9 party +9 square — — 
6。 +8 house — +3 lip — +7 horse 
7。 — +4 boy — +5 shore +9 railroad 
8。 +10 sea — +5 hall — — 
9。 — — — — +2 rock 
10。 — — — +1 sugar +8 prison 

11。 +1 river +10 door +10 picture — — 
12。 — +5 water +8 mountain — — 
13。 — — +6 meat +10 judge — 
14。 +6 home +6 skin — — +4 village 
15。 — +3 gold +7 cat +6 weapon — 
16。 — — — +8 city +3 valley 
17。— +1 bird— — — 
18。 +3 seat — +2 letter +7 sky — 
19。 +7 vehicle +7 money — — — 
20。 +2 tree +2 body — +2 girl +5 camp 
Circled numbers are the list numbers of “Hello” words (even…numbered lists) 
Uncircled numbers are the list numbers of “Repeat” words (odd…numbered lists) 
—are false positives; words you thought were on a list but were not 

Total Correct R:
Total Correct H:


408 


DATA TABULATION SHEET 

Name: 

Record frequency of scores under each of the following conditions。 

Memory Measure 
Experimental 
Condition 
Immediate 
Recall 
Delayed 
Recall 
Recognition 
Test 
Repeat 
(Repetition) 
Hello 
(Depth…of…processing) 
Totals 
False 
Positives 

Conclusions: What is the effect of the experimental conditions on 

(a) Immediate recall? 
(b) Delayed recall? 
(c) Delayed recognition? 

Plot these data on a bar graph。 Use different shaded bars for the two experimental conditions。 

Recall 

Frequenc 
y 

Memory Measure


409 


DETECTING GUILT AND DECEPTION 

OBJECTIVES 

1。 To analyze the various behavioral indicators of an individual’s guilt feelings。 
2。 To collect different kinds of data from the same subjects; both quantitative (reaction time) and 
qualitative (word associations and expressive reactions)。 
3。 To bine these multiple sources of evidence in order to draw inferences about the guilt or 
innocence of two (role…playing) suspects。 
4。 To consider how emotional arousal and unconscious motives may affect behavior。 
5 。 To raise questions about practical issues in jury decision making and the use of lie detectors in 
courts and business。 
OVERVIEW 

“Detecting Guilt” is designed to involve the whole class in psychological detective work on a problem with 
both practical implications and broad conceptual significance。 The demonstration casts students in the role 
of jurors who must decide the guilt or innocence of two criminal suspects。 To do so; they must utilize a 
variety of behavioral indicators of emotional disturbance; including word associations; reaction times; and 
expressive behavior。 

1。 Begin by asking students to mention something that made them feel very guilty in the past (in 
elementary; junior high; or high school)。 
2。 Have them try to e up with a definition of guilt。 
3。 Ask them what are the negative consequences and positive effects of guilt; analyze the mon 
elements; and list their answers to the questions。 
4。 Briefly contrast the conscious and unconscious forms that guilt may take (the student examples are 
likely to be c

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