心理学与生活-第64章
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SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER READINGS
Clark； H。 （1996）。 Using Language。 Cambridge： Cambridge University Press。 Suggests that language is
a joint action carried out by two or more people acting in concert with each other。 Clark sets
language in a social context and argues that language is more than just the sum of a speaker and
a separate listener。
Gabrieti； J。 D。 E。 （1998）。 Cognitive Neuroscience of Human Memory。 Annual Review of Psychology； 49；
87–115。 Summarizes current knowledge on long…term memory processes and discusses memory
in terms of neural networks that support specific mnemonic processes。 Research from
neurophysiological studies is used to explain the memory functioning in normal individuals
and in individuals with several forms of memory impairment。
Gazzaniga； M。 （1995）。 The Cognitive Neurosciences。 Cambridge： MIT Press。 An important work that
helps define the rapidly emerging field of cognitive neuroscience。 Contains the views and ideas
of many leaders in the field。
Kosslyn； S。 M。； & Koenig； O。 （1992）。 Chapter 2： putation in the Brain。 In Wet Mind： The New
Cognitive Neuroscience； pp。 17–51。 A wonderful volume that marries the fields of cognitive and
neuropsychology in a concise and readable format。
McLeod； P。； Plunkett； K。； & Rolls； E。 （1998）。 Introduction to Connectionist Modeling of Cognitive
Processes。 New York： Oxford University Press。 Introduces students to the connectionist model of
cognitive processes。 Provides custom software； “Learn；” that allows students to create their own
models。 （“Learn” runs on both PC and Mac systems。）
McNeil； D。 （1987）。 Psycholinguistics： A New Approach。 New York： Harper & Row。 A short but
plete look at the relationship between linguistics and psychology。 Extended coverage of
linguistic relativity as well as gesture and sign language。
Posner； M。 （1989）。 Foundations of Cognitive Science。 Cambridge： MIT Press。 A thorough reference on
the field of cognitive science； with contributions from leading researchers。
Premack； D。 （1986）。 Gavagai！ The Future History of the Ape Language Controversy。 Cambridge： MIT
Press。 A personal look by one of the leading figures in primate munication into the major
issues surrounding the ape language controversy。
Reed； S。 （1997）。 Cognition： Theory and Applications （4th ed。）。 Pacific Grove： Brooks/Cole Publishing。
Provides an overview of the major theories and experimental findings in the field of cognitive
psychology。
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PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
160
CHAPTER 9： COGNITIVE PROCESSES
DISCOVERING PSYCHOLOGY
PROGRAM 10： COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Overview
An exploration into the higher mental processes—reasoning； planning； and problem solving—
and why the cognitive revolution is attracting such diverse investigators； from philosophers to
puter scientists。
Key Issues
The impact of the puter on the study of cognitive psychology； puters that think like
human beings； the parts of the brain used in reading； how human beings organize and
categorize concepts； and how the human mind and puters think alike。
Demonstration
Analysis of cerebral blood flow during cognitive tasks。
Interviews
Leading cognitive psychologist Howard Gardner discusses the impact of the puter on the
study of cognitive psychology。
Nobel Prize winner Herbert Simon discusses his work on producing a puter that thinks
and solves problems like a human。
Michael Posner uses brain…imaging techniques to explore what parts of the brain are used
during reading。
Robert Glaser examines why some individuals have not developed basic skills in various types
of learning while others have developed high levels of prehension。
PROGRAM 11： JUDGMENT AND DECISION MAKING
Overview
A look at the process of making judgments and decisions； how and why people make good and
bad judgments； and the psychology of risk taking。
Key Issues
The relationship between judgment and decision making； groupthink exhibited in The Bay of
Pigs cabinet meetings； Cognitive Dissonance theory and experiments； and good versus poor
negotiating techniques
Archival Demonstrations
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman use “person in the street” respondents to illustrate
fallacies of human intuition。
Training program to improve decision making。
161
PSYCHOLOGY AND LIFE
Classic early dissonance experiment by Festinger and Carlsmith。
Interviews
Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman examine the relationship between decision making and
the principles of availability； reasoning by similarity； anchoring effect； and risk aversion。
Psychologist Irving Janis discusses his study on the impact of groupthink on the Kennedy
administration’s decision to implement The Bay of Pigs operation。
Max Bazerman examines good and bad negotiating techniques。
Psychologist Leon Festinger examines how people e to love the things for which they suffer。
FILMS AND VIDEOS
Age of Intelligent Machines （1987）。 IU （AIMS）； 29 minutes
Examines the world of artificial intelligence （AI） and expert systems。 Looks at how a new
generation of machines can perform functions once thought impossible； such as diagnose illnesses；
create original art； and navigate jets。 Explains that one of the major goals of AI research is to learn
how the human brain works and to duplicate the human ability to use judgment。 Features
contributions by many leading researchers。
Can We Talk to the Animals？ （1987）。 IU （CORT）； 30 minutes
Examines research on human–animal munication that indicates chimpanzees and dolphins
are capable of understanding words rather than just exhibiting learned responses。
munication： The Nonverbal Agenda （1988）。 CRM； 30 minutes
Provides an overview of the field of nonverbal munication。 Examines how a variety of
behaviors； such as tone of voice； posture； facial expressions； use of space； eye contact； and body
movement may either reinforce or contradict verbal messages。
The Mind： Thinking （1988）。 CRM； 24 minutes
Thinking is defined as the ability to manipulate a model of the world and to plan a course of
appropriate action。 Discusses two “failures” in psychology created by our misunderstanding of
thinking： the Prefrontal Lobotomies and the use of IQ Tests to measure thinking。
CASE STUDY LECTURE LAUNCHER
At the age of 16； Edith Eva Eger’s world turned upside down。 She and her family were suddenly
arrested and interned in Auschwitz； a Nazi concentration camp in Poland。 Shortly after they
arrived at Auschwitz； her mother was sent to the gas chamber。 Before she was taken away； she
urged Edith and her sister to live their lives fully。 “Remember；” she said； “what you put inside your
brain； no one can take away。” （Eger； 1990； p。 6）。
In the horror…filled existence of concentration camp life； Edith found that the basic logic of the world
was reversed。 The notions of good behavior she had learned growing up “were replaced by a kind
of animal quiver； which instantly smelled out danger and acted to deflect it。” Matters of life and
death were decided as casually as flipping a coin。 You could be sent to the “showers of death” for
having a loosely tied shoelace。
After years of being brutalized； the camp inmates longed for freedom； yet； paradoxically； also
dreaded it。 When their liberators arrived； some prisoners “rushed forward but most retreated and
even returned to their barracks。”
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CHAPTER 9： COGNITIVE PROCESSES
Edith was a fortunate survivor。 She later married； immigrated to the United States； and became a
clinical psychologist。 Recently； at the age of 61； Dr。 Eger’s need to understand the twisted reality of
the camps motivated her to return to Auschwitz。 “I came to mourn the dead and celebrate the living；
I also needed to formally put an end to the denial that I had been a victim and to assign guilt to the
oppressor。” For many years； she had denied the horrible truths of her camp experiences； but
eventually denial was unacceptable to her。 By reliving the events of her incarceration and forcing
herself to think about the meaning of that horror； Dr。
