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arrogant absurdity which�察�in spite of his great abilities and virtues�察�renders 

him�察    �perhaps     the   most    ridiculous     character     in   literary   history�察   �that 

Demosthenes   spoke   to   a   people   of   brutes��to   a   barbarous   people��that 

there   could   have   been   no   civilisation   before   the   invention   of   printing。 

Johnson was a keen but a very narrow´minded observer of mankind。                            He 

perpetually       confounded        their    general     nature    with     their    particular 

circumstances。         He     knew     London      intimately。      The     sagacity    of   his 

remarks on its society is perfectly astonishing。                But Fleet Street was the 

world to him。        He saw that Londoners who did not read were profoundly 

ignorant�察  �and   he   inferred   that   a   Greek�察  �who   had   few   or   no   books�察  �must 

have been as uninformed as one of Mr Thrale's draymen。 

     There   seems   to   be�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �every  reason   to   believe�察  �that�察  �in 

general intelligence�察�the Athenian populace far surpassed the lower orders 

of any community that has ever existed。                It must be considered�察�that to be 

a citizen was to be a legislator��a soldier��a judge��one upon whose voice 

might depend the fate of the wealthiest tributary state�察�of the most eminent 

public man。       The lowest offices�察�both of agriculture and of trade�察�were�察�in 

common�察�performed by slaves。               The commonwealth supplied its meanest 

members with the support of life�察�the opportunity of leisure�察�and the means 

of   amusement。        Books   were   indeed   few�此      �but   they   were   excellent�察  �and 

they  were   accurately  known。          It   is   not by  turning   over   libraries�察  �but   by 

repeatedly   perusing   and   intently   contemplating   a   few   great   models�察  �that 

the mind is best disciplined。           A man of letters must now read much that 

he   soon   forgets�察  �and   much   from   which   he   learns   nothing   worthy   to   be 



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remembered。         The best works employ�察�in general�察�but a small portion of 

his time。     Demosthenes is said to have transcribed six times the history of 

Thucydides。       If   he   had   been   a   young   politician   of   the   present   age�察  �he 

might in the same space of time have skimmed innumerable newspapers 

and pamphlets。        I do not condemn that desultory mode of study which the 

state of things�察�in our day�察�renders   a matter of necessity。               But I   may  be 

allowed to doubt whether the changes on which the admirers of modern 

institutions   delight   to    dwell   have   improved      our   condition    so  much     in 

reality as in appearance。         Rumford�察�it is said�察�proposed to the Elector of 

Bavaria   a   scheme   for   feeding   his   soldiers   at   a   much   cheaper   rate   than 

formerly。      His   plan   was   simply   to   compel   them   to   masticate   their   food 

thoroughly。       A    small   quantity�察   �thus   eaten�察  �would�察    �according     to  that 

famous      projector�察   �afford   more     sustenance     than   a   large   meal    hastily 

devoured。      I do not know how Rumford's proposition was received�察�but 

to   the   mind�察  �I   believe�察  �it   will   be   found   more   nutritious   to   digest   a   page 

than to devour a volume。 

     Books�察�however�察 �were the   least   part of   the   education of   an Athenian 

citizen。    Let   us�察  �for   a   moment�察  �transport   ourselves   in   thought�察  �to   that 

glorious city。     Let us imagine that we are entering its gates�察�in the time of 

its   power   and   glory。    A  crowd   is   assembled   round   a   portico。      All   are 

gazing with delight at the entablature�察�for Phidias is putting up the frieze。 

We turn into another street�察�a rhapsodist is reciting there�此               �men�察�women�察�

children     are  thronging     round    him�此   �the   tears   are  running     down    their 

cheeks�此    �their eyes are fixed�此       �their very breath is still�察�for he is telling 

how Priam fell at the feet of Achilles�察�and kissed those hands��the terrible´ 

´the murderous��which had slain so many of his sons。 ��kai kuse cheiras�察�

deinas�察�anorophonous�察�ai oi poleas ktanon uias。�� 

     We enter the public place�察�there is a ring of youths�察�all leaning forward�察�

with sparkling eyes�察�and gestures of expectation。 Socrates is pitted against 

the famous atheist�察�from Ionia�察�and has just brought him to a contradiction 

in terms。     But we are interrupted。          The herald is crying;Room for the 

Prytanes。;      The general assembly is to meet。             The people are swarming 

in on every side。       Proclamation is made;Who wishes to speak�拭─                 �There 

is a shout�察�and a clapping of hands�此          �Pericles is mounting the stand。 Then 



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for   a   play   of   Sophocles�察  �and   away   to   sup   with Aspasia。    I   know   of   no 

modern university which has so excellent a system of education。 

     Knowledge        thus  acquired     and   opinions    thus   formed    were�察   �indeed�察�

likely    to   be�察  �in  some     respects�察   �defective。     Propositions      which     are 

advanced in discourse generally result from a partial view of the question�察�

and cannot be kept under examination long enough to be corrected。                      Men 

of great conversational powers almost universally practise a sort of lively 

sophistry      and   exaggeration�察     �which     deceives�察    �for  the   moment�察     �both 

themselves and their auditors。           Thus we see doctrines�察�which cannot bear 

a   close   inspection�察   �triumph     perpetually   in   drawing´rooms�察      �in  debating 

societies�察    �and    even    in  legislative    or   judicial    assemblies。       To    the 

conversational   education   of   the Athenians   I   am   inclined   to   attribute   the 

great looseness of reasoning which is remarkable in most of their scientific 

writings。      Even     the   most    illogical    of  modern      writers   would     stand 

perfectly aghast at the puerile fallacies which seem to have deluded some 

of the greatest men of antiquity。           Sir Thomas Lethbridge would stare at 

the    political   economy      of   Xenophon�察     �and    the  author    of   ;Soirees    de 

Petersbourg; would be ashamed of some of the metaphysical arguments of 

Plato。   But   the   very   circumstances   which   retarded   the   growth   of   science 

were   peculiarly   favourable   to      the   cultivation   of   eloquence。     From   the 

early habit of taking a share in animated discussion the intelligent student 

would derive that readiness of resource�察�that copiousness of language�察�and 

that knowledge of the temper and understanding of an audience�察�which are 

far more valuable to an orator than the greatest logical powers。 

     Horace has prettily compared poems   to those   paintings of   which the 

effect varies as the spectator changes his stand。             The same remark applies 

with    at  least  equal   justice   to  speeches。     They   must      be  read   with   the 

temper   of   those   to   whom  they  were   addressed�察�or   they  must   necessarily 

appear to offend against the laws of taste and reason�察�as the finest picture�察�

seen in a light different from that for which it was designed�察�will appear fit 

only   for   a  sign。   This    is  perpetually   forgotten     by   those   who    criticise 

oratory。     Because      they   are   reading    at  leisure�察  �pausing    at  every    line�察�

reconsidering   every   argument�察  �they   forget   that   the   hearers   were   hurr

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