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of literary criticism�察�though equally fixed with those on which the chemist 

and the surgeon proceed�察�are by no means equally recognised。                    Men are 

rarely able to assign a reason for their approbation or dislike on questions 

of   taste�察  �and   therefore   they   willingly   submit   to   any   guide   who   boldly 

asserts his claim to superior discernment。           It is more difficult to ascertain 

and establish   the   merits of a poem  than   the   powers of   a   machine   or   the 



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benefits of a new remedy。          Hence it is in literature�察�that quackery is most 

easily puffed�察�and excellence most easily decried。 

     In some degree this argument applies to academies of the fine arts�察�and 

it is fully confirmed by all that I have ever heard of that institution which 

annually disfigures the walls of Somerset House with an acre of spoiled 

canvas。     But a literary tribunal is incomparably more dangerous。                   Other 

societies�察  �at   least�察  �have   no   tendency   to   call   forth   any   opinions   on   those 

subjects which most agitate and inflame the minds of men。                     The sceptic 

and    the   zealot�察 �the   revolutionist    and   the   placeman�察    �meet   on   common 

ground   in   a   gallery   of   paintings   or   a   laboratory   of   science。 They   can 

praise or censure without reference to the differences which exist between 

them。     In a literary body this can never be the case。               Literature is�察�and 

always must be�察�inseparably blended with politics and theology�察�it is the 

great engine which moves the feelings of a people on the most momentous 

questions。      It is�察�therefore�察�impossible that any society can be formed so 

impartial as to consider the literary character of an individual   abstracted 

from   the   opinions   which   his   writings   inculcate。      It   is   not   to   be   hoped�察�

perhaps it is not to be wished�察�that the feelings of the man should be so 

completely forgotten in the duties of the academician。                The consequences 

are    evident。    The    honours     and   censures    of  this  Star   Chamber      of  the 

Muses will be awarded according to the prejudices of the particular sect or 

faction     which    may    at  the   time   predominate。       Whigs      would    canvass 

against   a   Southey�察  �Tories   against   a   Byron。      Those   who   might   at   first 

protest against such conduct as unjust would soon adopt it on the plea of 

retaliation�察�and   the general good   of  literature�察 �for which   the  society  was 

professedly      instituted�察  �would     be   forgotten    in  the   stronger    claims    of 

political and religious partiality。 

     Yet even this is not the worst。         Should the institution ever acquire any 

influence�察    �it  will  afford   most    pernicious    facilities   to  every   malignant 

coward   who   may   desire   to   blast   a   reputation   which   he   envies。     It   will 

furnish a secure ambuscade�察�behind which the Maroons of literature may 

take a certain and deadly aim。            The editorial WE has often been fatal to 

rising genius�察�though all the world knows that it is only a form of speech�察�

very   often   employed   by   a   single   needy   blockhead。       The   academic   WE 



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would   have   a   far   greater   and   more   ruinous   influence。       Numbers�察  �while 

they   increase   the   effect�察  �would   diminish   the   shame�察  �of   injustice。        The 

advantages       of  an   open    and   those    of  an   anonymous       attack    would     be 

combined�察�and the authority of avowal would be united to the security of 

concealment。        The serpents in Virgil�察�after they had destroyed Laocoon�察�

found   an   asylum   from   the   vengeance   of   the   enraged   people   behind   the 

shield of the statue of Minerva。           And�察�in the same manner�察�everything that 

is grovelling and venomous�察�everything that can hiss�察�and everything that 

can   sting�察  �would   take   sanctuary   in   the   recesses   of   this   new   temple   of 

wisdom。 

     The   French   academy   was�察  �of   all   such   associations�察  �the   most   widely 

and     the  most     justly  celebrated。      It   was    founded     by   the   greatest    of 

ministers�此     �it was patronised by successive kings�察�it numbered in its lists 

most     of  the   eminent     French    writers。    Yet    what    benefit    has   literature 

derived from its labours�拭          �What is its history but an uninterrupted record 

of     servile    compliancesof         paltry    artificesof     deadly      quarrelsof 

perfidious friendships�拭�Whether governed by the Court�察�by the Sorbonne�察�

or   by   the   Philosophers�察     �it  was   always    equally    powerful     for   evil�察 �and 

equally   impotent   for   good。       I   might   speak   of   the   attacks   by   which   it 

attempted   to   depress   the   rising   fame   of   Corneille�察  �I   might   speak   of   the 

reluctance      with   which    it  gave    its  tardy   confirmation     to   the  applauses 

which the whole civilised world had bestowed on the genius of Voltaire。 

I   might   prove   by  overwhelming evidence   that�察 �to   the latest period of   its 

existence�察     �even     under    the   superintendence         of   the   all´accomplished 

D'Alembert�察�it continued to be a scene of the fiercest animosities and the 

basest intrigues。       I might cite Piron's epigrams�察�and Marmontel's memoirs�察�

and Montesquieu's letters。          But I hasten on to another topic。 

     One of the modes by which our Society proposes to encourage merit is 

the distribution of prizes。         The munificence of the king has enabled it to 

offer an annual premium of a hundred guineas for the best essay in prose�察�

and another of fifty guineas for the best poem�察�which may be transmitted 

to   it。  This   is   very   laughable。      In   the   first   place   the   judges   may   err。 

Those   imperfections   of   human   intellect   to   which�察  �as   the   articles   of   the 

Church tell us�察�even general councils are subject�察�may possibly be found 



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even in the Royal Society of Literature。              The French academy�察�as I have 

already said�察�was the most illustrious assembly of the kind�察�and numbered 

among       its  associates    men     much    more     distinguished      than   ever   will 

assemble   at   Mr   Hatchard's   to   rummage   the   box   of   the   English   Society。 

Yet   this   famous   body   gave   a   poetical   prize�察  �for   which   Voltaire   was   a 

candidate�察�to a fellow who wrote some verses about THE FROZEN AND 

THE BURNING POLE。 

     Yet�察   �granting    that   the   prizes   were    always     awarded      to  the   best 

composition�察�that composition�察�I say without hesitation�察�will always be bad。 

A prize poem is like a prize sheep。             The object of the competitor for the 

agricultural premium is to produce an animal fit�察�not to be eaten�察�but to be 

weighed。      Accordingly he pampers his victim into morbid and unnatural 

fatness�察�and�察�when it is in such a state that it would be sent away in disgust 

from   any   table�察  �he   offers   it   to   the   judges。 The   object   of   the   poetical 

candidate�察�in like manner�察�is to produce�察�not a good poem�察�but a poem of 

that exact degree of frigidity or bombast which may appear to his censors 

to   be   correct   or   sublime。   Compositions   thus   constructed   will   always   be 

worthless。      The   few

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