seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及12嫗
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nature�察�he is to pronounce distinctly�察�and with precision�察�the general forms
of things。 A firm and determined outline is one of the characteristics of
the great style in painting�察 �and�察 �let me add�察 �that he who possesses the
knowledge of the exact form�察�that every part of nature ought to have�察�will
be fond of expressing that knowledge with correctness and precision in all
his works。
To conclude�此 �I have endeavoured to reduce the idea of beauty to
general principles。 And I had the pleasure to observe that the professor
of painting proceeded in the same method�察�when he showed you that the
artifice of contrast was founded but on one principle。 And I am convinced
that this is the only means of advancing science�察�of clearing the mind from
a confused heap of contradictory observations�察 �that do but perplex and
puzzle the student when he compares them�察�or misguide him if he gives
himself up to their authority�察 �but bringing them under one general head
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can alone give rest and satisfaction to an inquisitive mind。
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SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
A DISCOURSE IV
Delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy on the
Distribution of the Prizes�察�December 10�察�1771�察�by the President。
Gentlemen��The value and rank of every art is in proportion to the
mental labour employed in it�察�or the mental pleasure produced by it。 As
this principle is observed or neglected�察 �our profession becomes either a
liberal art or a mechanical trade。 In the hands of one man it makes the
highest pretensions�察�as it is addressed to the noblest faculties�察�In those of
another it is reduced to a mere matter of ornament�察�and the painter has but
the humble province of furnishing our apartments with elegance。
This exertion of mind�察 �which is the only circumstance that truly
ennobles our art�察 �makes the great distinction between the Roman and
Venetian schools。 I have formerly observed that perfect form is produced
by leaving out particularities�察 �and retaining only general ideas。 I shall
now endeavour to show that this principle�察 �which I have proved to be
metaphysically just�察 �extends itself to every part of the art�察 �that it gives
what is called the grand style to invention�察�to composition�察�to expression�察�
and even to colouring and drapery。
Invention in painting does not imply the invention of the subject�察�for
that is commonly supplied by the poet or historian。 With respect to the
choice�察�no subject can be proper that is not generally interesting。 It ought
to be either some eminent instance of heroic action or heroic suffering。
There must be something either in the action or in the object in which men
are universally concerned�察 �and which powerfully strikes upon the public
sympathy。
Strictly speaking�察�indeed�察�no subject can be of universal�察�hardly can it
be of general concern�此 �but there are events and characters so popularly
known in those countries where our art is in request�察 �that they may be
considered as sufficiently general for all our purposes。 Such are the great
events of Greek and Roman fable and history�察�which early education and
the usual course of reading have made familiar and interesting to all
Europe�察�without being degraded by the vulgarism of ordinary life in any
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country。 Such�察 �too�察 �are the capital subjects of Scripture history�察 �which�察�
besides their general notoriety�察�become venerable by their connection with
our religion。
As it is required that the subject selected should be a general one�察�it is
no less necessary that it should be kept unembarrassed with whatever may
any way serve to divide the attention of the spectator。 Whenever a story
is related�察 �every man forms a picture in his mind of the action and the
expression of the persons employed。 The power of representing this
mental picture in canvas is what we call invention in a painter。 And as in
the conception of this ideal picture the mind does not enter into the minute
peculiarities of the dress�察�furniture�察�or scene of action�察�so when the painter
comes to represent it he contrives those little necessary concomitant
circumstances in such a manner that they shall strike the spectator no more
than they did himself in his first conception of the story。
I am very ready to allow that some circumstances of minuteness and
particularity frequently tend to give an air of truth to a piece�察 �and to
interest the spectator in an extraordinary manner。 Such circumstances�察�
therefore�察 �cannot wholly be rejected�察 �but if there be anything in the art
which requires peculiar nicety of discernment�察�it is the disposition of these
minute circumstantial parts which�察�according to the judgment employed in
the choice�察�become so useful to truth or so injurious to grandeur。
However�察 �the usual and most dangerous error is on the side of
minuteness�察 �and�察 �therefore�察 �I think caution most necessary where most
have failed。 The general idea constitutes real excellence。 All smaller
things�察�however perfect in their way�察�are to be sacrificed without mercy to
the greater。 The painter will not inquire what things may be admitted
without much censure。 He will not think it enough to show that they may
be there�察�he will show that they must be there�察�that their absence would
render his picture maimed and defective。
Thus�察�though to the principal group a second or third be added�察�and a
second and third mass of light�察 �care must be yet taken that these
subordinate actions and lights�察�neither each in particular�察�nor all together�察�
come into any degree of competition with the principal�察�they should make
a part of that whole which would be imperfect without them。 To every
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part of painting this rule may be applied。 Even in portraits�察�the grace and�察�
we may add�察�the likeness�察�consists more in taking the general air than in
observing the effect similitude of every feature。
Thus figures must have a ground whereon to stand�察 �they must be
clothed�察�there must be a background�察�there must be light and shadow�察�but
none of these ought to appear to have taken up any part of the artist's
attention。 They should be so managed as not even to catch that of the
spectator。 We know well enough�察�when we analyse a piece�察�the difficulty
and the subtlety with which an artist adjusts the background�察�drapery�察�and
masses of light�察�we know that a considerable part of the grace and effect of
his picture depends upon them�察�but this art is so much concealed�察�even to a
judicious eye�察�that no remains of any of these subordinate parts occur to
memory when the picture is not present。
The great