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seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及12嫗

弌傍�� seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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nature�察�he is to pronounce distinctly�察�and with precision�察�the general forms 

of things。      A firm and determined outline is one of the characteristics of 

the   great   style   in   painting�察  �and�察  �let   me   add�察  �that   he   who   possesses   the 

knowledge of the exact form�察�that every part of nature ought to have�察�will 

be fond of expressing that knowledge with correctness and precision in all 

his works。 

     To   conclude�此     �I   have   endeavoured   to   reduce   the   idea   of   beauty   to 

general principles。        And I had the pleasure to observe that the professor 

of painting proceeded in the same method�察�when he showed you that the 

artifice of contrast was founded but on one principle。 And I am convinced 

that this is the only means of advancing science�察�of clearing the mind from 

a   confused   heap   of   contradictory   observations�察  �that   do   but   perplex   and 

puzzle the student when he compares them�察�or misguide him if he gives 

himself   up   to   their   authority�察  �but   bringing   them  under   one   general   head 



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can alone give rest and satisfaction to an inquisitive mind。 



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                         A DISCOURSE IV 



             Delivered to the Students of the Royal Academy on the 

     Distribution of the Prizes�察�December 10�察�1771�察�by the President。 

     Gentlemen��The   value   and   rank   of   every   art   is   in   proportion   to   the 

mental labour employed in it�察�or the mental pleasure produced by it。                    As 

this   principle   is   observed   or   neglected�察  �our   profession   becomes   either   a 

liberal art or a mechanical trade。          In the hands of one man it makes the 

highest pretensions�察�as it is addressed to the noblest faculties�察�In those of 

another it is reduced to a mere matter of ornament�察�and the painter has but 

the humble province of furnishing our apartments with elegance。 

     This    exertion    of  mind�察   �which    is  the  only   circumstance      that  truly 

ennobles   our   art�察  �makes   the   great   distinction   between   the   Roman   and 

Venetian schools。       I have formerly observed that perfect form is produced 

by   leaving   out   particularities�察  �and   retaining   only   general   ideas。   I   shall 

now   endeavour   to   show   that   this   principle�察  �which   I   have   proved   to   be 

metaphysically   just�察  �extends   itself   to   every   part   of   the   art�察  �that   it   gives 

what is called the grand style to invention�察�to composition�察�to expression�察�

and even to colouring and drapery。 

     Invention in painting does not imply the invention of the subject�察�for 

that is commonly supplied by the poet or historian。                 With respect to the 

choice�察�no subject can be proper that is not generally interesting。               It ought 

to   be   either   some   eminent   instance   of   heroic   action   or   heroic   suffering。 

There must be something either in the action or in the object in which men 

are universally concerned�察 �and which powerfully  strikes upon the  public 

sympathy。 

     Strictly speaking�察�indeed�察�no subject can be of universal�察�hardly can it 

be of general concern�此        �but there are events and characters so popularly 

known   in   those   countries   where   our   art   is   in   request�察  �that   they   may   be 

considered as sufficiently general for all our purposes。              Such are the great 

events of Greek and Roman fable and history�察�which early education and 

the   usual   course    of   reading   have   made    familiar   and   interesting    to  all 

Europe�察�without being degraded by the vulgarism of ordinary life in any 



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country。      Such�察  �too�察  �are   the   capital   subjects   of   Scripture   history�察  �which�察�

besides their general notoriety�察�become venerable by their connection with 

our religion。 

     As it is required that the subject selected should be a general one�察�it is 

no less necessary that it should be kept unembarrassed with whatever may 

any way serve to divide the attention of the spectator。                  Whenever a story 

is   related�察  �every   man   forms   a   picture   in   his   mind   of   the   action   and   the 

expression      of   the  persons     employed。      The     power     of  representing     this 

mental picture in canvas is what we call invention in a painter。                   And as in 

the conception of this ideal picture the mind does not enter into the minute 

peculiarities of the dress�察�furniture�察�or scene of action�察�so when the painter 

comes      to  represent     it  he  contrives     those   little  necessary     concomitant 

circumstances in such a manner that they shall strike the spectator no more 

than they did himself in his first conception of the story。 

     I am very ready to allow that some circumstances of minuteness and 

particularity   frequently   tend   to   give   an   air   of   truth   to   a   piece�察  �and   to 

interest   the   spectator   in   an   extraordinary   manner。       Such   circumstances�察�

therefore�察  �cannot   wholly   be   rejected�察  �but   if   there   be   anything   in   the   art 

which requires peculiar nicety of discernment�察�it is the disposition of these 

minute circumstantial parts which�察�according to the judgment employed in 

the choice�察�become so useful to truth or so injurious to grandeur。 

     However�察      �the   usual    and   most    dangerous      error   is  on   the   side   of 

minuteness�察  �and�察  �therefore�察  �I   think   caution   most   necessary   where   most 

have   failed。      The   general   idea   constitutes   real   excellence。   All   smaller 

things�察�however perfect in their way�察�are to be sacrificed without mercy to 

the   greater。    The   painter   will   not   inquire   what   things   may   be   admitted 

without much censure。           He will not think it enough to show that they may 

be there�察�he will show that they  must be there�察�that their absence would 

render his picture maimed and defective。 

     Thus�察�though to the principal group a second or third be added�察�and a 

second      and    third   mass    of   light�察 �care    must    be   yet   taken    that  these 

subordinate actions and lights�察�neither each in particular�察�nor all together�察�

come into any degree of competition with the principal�察�they should make 

a part of that whole which would be imperfect without them。                         To every 



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part of painting this rule may be applied。 Even in portraits�察�the grace and�察�

we may add�察�the likeness�察�consists more in taking the general air than in 

observing the effect similitude of every feature。 

     Thus   figures   must   have   a   ground   whereon   to   stand�察  �they   must   be 

clothed�察�there must be a background�察�there must be light and shadow�察�but 

none   of   these   ought   to   appear   to   have   taken   up   any   part   of   the   artist's 

attention。     They  should   be so   managed   as not   even to   catch   that   of the 

spectator。     We know well enough�察�when we analyse a piece�察�the difficulty 

and the subtlety with which an artist adjusts the background�察�drapery�察�and 

masses of light�察�we know that a considerable part of the grace and effect of 

his picture depends upon them�察�but this art is so much concealed�察�even to a 

judicious eye�察�that no remains of any of these subordinate parts occur to 

memory when the picture is not present。 

     The great

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