seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及14嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
judgment to dispose the drapery�察 �so that the folds have an easy
communication�察 �and gracefully follow each other�察 �with such natural
negligence as to look like the effect of chance�察�and at the same time show
the figure under it to the utmost advantage。
Carlo Maratti was of opinion that the disposition of drapery was a
more difficult art than even that of drawing the human figure�察 �that a
student might be more easily taught the latter than the former�察�as the rules
of drapery�察 �he said�察 �could not be so well ascertained as those for
delineating a correct form�察 �This�察 �perhaps�察 �is a proof how willingly we
favour our own peculiar excellence。 Carlo Maratti is said to have valued
himself particularly upon his skill in this part of the art yet in him the
disposition appears so artificial�察�that he is inferior to Raffaelle�察�even in that
which gave him his best claim to reputation
Such is the great principle by which we must be directed in the nobler
branches of our art。 Upon this principle the Roman�察�the Florentine�察�the
Bolognese schools�察 �have formed their practice�察 �and by this they have
deservedly obtained the highest praise。 These are the three great schools
of the world in the epic style。 The best of the French school�察�Poussin�察�Le
Sueur�察 �and Le Brun�察 �have formed themselves upon these models�察 �and
consequently may be said�察 �though Frenchmen�察 �to be a colony from the
Roman school。 Next to these�察�but in a very different style of excellence�察�
we may rank the Venetian�察 �together with the Flemish and the Dutch
schools�察�all professing to depart from the great purposes of painting�察�and
catching at applause by inferior qualities。
I am not ignorant that some will censure me for placing the Venetians
in this inferior class�察�and many of the warmest admirers of painting will
think them unjustly degraded�察 �but I wish not to be misunderstood。
Though I can by no means allow them to hold any rank with the nobler
schools of painting�察�they accomplished perfectly the thing they attempted。
But as mere elegance is their principal object�察�as they seem more willing
to dazzle than to affect�察�it can be no injury to them to suppose that their
practice is useful only to its proper end。 But what may heighten the
elegant may degrade the sublime。 There is a simplicity�察�and I may add�察�
severity�察�in the great manner�察�which is�察�I am afraid�察�almost incompatible
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SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
with this comparatively sensual style。
Tintoret�察 �Paul Veronese�察 �and others of the Venetian schools�察 �seem to
have painted with no other purpose than to be admired for their skill and
expertness in the mechanism of painting�察�and to make a parade of that art
which�察 �as I before observed�察 �the higher style requires its followers to
conceal。
In a conference of the French Academy�察 �at which were present Le
Brun�察�Sebastian Bourdon�察�and all the eminent artists of that age�察�one of the
academicians desired to have their opinion on the conduct of Paul
Veronese�察 �who�察 �though a painter of great consideration�察 �had�察 �contrary to
the strict rules of art�察�in his picture of Perseus and Andromeda�察�represented
the principal figure in shade。 To this question no satisfactory answer was
then given。 But I will venture to say�察�that if they had considered the class
of the artist�察�and ranked him as an ornamental painter�察�there would have
been no difficulty in answering�此 �It was unreasonable to expect what was
never intended。 His intention was solely to produce an effect of light and
Shadow�察�everything was to be sacrificed to that intent�察�and the capricious
composition of that picture suited very well with the style he professed。;
Young minds are indeed too apt to be captivated by this splendour of
style�察�and that of the Venetians will be particularly pleasing�察�for by them
all those parts of the art that give pleasure to the eye or sense have been
cultivated with care�察�and carried to the degree nearest to perfection。 The
powers exerted in the mechanical part of the art have been called the
language of painters�察�but we must say�察�that it is but poor eloquence which
only shows that the orator can talk。 Words should be employed as the
means�察 �not as the end�此 �language is the instrument�察 �conviction is the
work。
The language of painting must indeed be allowed these masters�察 �but
even in that they have shown more copiousness than choice�察 �and more
luxuriancy than judgment。 If we consider the uninteresting subjects of
their invention�察 �or at least the uninteresting manner in which they are
treated�察 �if we attend to their capricious composition�察 �their violent and
affected contrasts�察�whether of figures�察�or of light and shadow�察�the richness
of their drapery�察 �and�察 �at the same time�察 �the mean effect which the
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SEVEN DISCOURSES ON ART
discrimination of stuffs gives to their pictures�察�if to these we add their total
inattention to expression�察 �and then reflect on the conceptions and the
learning of Michael Angelo�察 �or the simplicity of Raffaelle�察 �we can no
longer dwell on the comparison。 Even in colouring�察�if we compare the
quietness and chastity of the Bolognese pencil to the bustle and tumult that
fills every part of�察�a Venetian picture�察�without the least attempt to interest
the passions�察�their boasted art will appear a mere struggle without effect�察�
an empty tale told by an idiot�察�full of sound and fury�察�signifying nothing。
Such as suppose that the great style might happily be blended with the
ornamental�察�that the simple�察�grave�察�and majestic dignity of Raffaelle could
unite with the glow and bustle of a Paulo or Tintoret�察�are totally mistaken。
The principles by which each are attained are so contrary to each other�察�
that they seem�察 �in my opinion�察 �incompatible�察 �and as impossible to exist
together�察�as to unite in the mind at the same time the most sublime ideas
and the lowest sensuality。
The subjects of the Venetian painters are mostly such as give them an
opportunity of introducing a great number of figures�察 �such as feasts�察�
marriages�察�and processions�察�public martyrdoms�察�or miracles。 I can easily
conceive that Paul Veronese�察�if he were asked�察�would say that no subject
was proper for an historical picture but such as admitted at least forty
figures�察 �for in a less number�察 �he would assert�察 �there could be no
opportunity of the painter's showing his art in composition�察�his dexterity of
managing and disposing the masses of light�察�and groups of figures�察�and of
introducing a variety of Eastern dresses and characters in their rich stuffs。
But the thing is very different with a pupil of the greater schools。
Annibale Caracci thought twelve figures sufficient for any story�此 �he
conceived that more would contribute