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seven discourses on art(簒宝鈍讐恙)-及23嫗

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and which no industry can acquire。 

     This   opinion   of   the   impossibility   of   acquiring   those   beauties   which 

stamp the work with the character of genius�察�supposes that it is something 

more fixed than in reality it is�察�and that we always do�察�and ever did agree�察�

about what should be considered as a characteristic of genius。 

     But the truth is that the degree of excellence which proclaims genius is 

different in different times and different places�察�and what shows it to be so 

is that mankind have often changed their opinion upon this matter。 

     When the arts were in their infancy�察�the power of merely drawing the 

likeness of any object was considered as one of its greatest efforts。 

     The   common   people�察  �ignorant   of   the   principles   of   art�察  �talk   the   same 

language even to this day。          But when it was found that every man could 

be taught to do this�察�and a great deal more�察�merely by the observance of 

certain precepts�察�the name of genius then shifted its application�察�and was 

given   only  to   those   who   added   the   peculiar   character   of   the   object   they 

represented�察�to those who had invention�察�expression�察�grace�察�or dignity�察�or�察�

in short�察  �such   qualities   or   excellences   the   producing   of   which   could   not 

then be taught by any known and promulgated rules。 

     We    are   very   sure   that  the   beauty    of  form�察  �the   expression     of  the 

passions�察�the art of composition�察�even the power of giving a general air of 

grandeur   to   your   work�察  �is   at   present   very   much   under   the   dominion   of 

rules。    These     excellences     were�察   �heretofore�察   �considered     merely     as  the 

effects of genius�察�and justly�察�if genius is not taken for inspiration�察�but as 

the effect of close observation and experience。 

     He who first made any of these observations and digested them�察�so as 

to form an invariable principle for himself to work by�察�had that merit�察�but 

probably no one went very far at once�察�and generally the first who gave 

the hint did not know how to pursue it steadily and methodically�察�at least 

not in the beginning。         He himself worked on it�察�and improved it�察�others 



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worked more�察�and improved farther�察�until the secret was discovered�察�and 

the practice made as general as refined practice can be made。                   How many 

more     principles    may    be   fixed   and   ascertained     we   cannot    tell�察 �but  as 

criticism is likely to go hand in hand with the art which is its subject�察�we 

may venture to say that as that art shall advance�察�its powers will be still 

more and more fixed by rules。 

     But by whatever strides criticism may gain ground�察�we need be under 

no   apprehension   that   invention   will   ever   be   annihilated   or   subdued�察  �or 

intellectual energy be brought entirely within the restraint of written law。 

Genius will still have room enough to expatiate�察�and keep always the same 

distance from narrow comprehension and mechanical performance。 

     What we now call genius begins�察�not where rules�察�abstractedly taken�察�

end�察�but where known vulgar and trite rules have no longer any place。                       It 

must   of   necessity   be   that   even   works   of   genius�察  �as   well   as   every   other 

effect�察�as it must have its cause�察�must likewise have its rules�察�it cannot be 

by    chance    that   excellences     are  produced      with   any   constancy�察    �or  any 

certainty�察�for this is not the nature of chance�察�but the rules by which men 

of   extraordinary   parts�察  �and   such   as   are   called   men   of   genius   work�察  �are 

either such as they discover by their own peculiar observation�察�or of such a 

nice    texture   as   not  easily   to  admit    handling     or  expressing     in  words�察�

especially     as   artists  are   not   very   frequently     skilful   in  that  mode     of 

communicating ideas。 

     Unsubstantial�察  �however�察  �as   these   rules   may   seem�察  �and   difficult   as   it 

may be to convey them in writing�察�they are still seen and felt in the mind 

of   the   artist�察  �and   he   works   from  them   with   as   much   certainty  as   if   they 

were     embodied�察     �as  I  may    say�察 �upon    paper。    It   is  true   these   refined 

principles cannot be always made palpable�察�like the more gross rules of art�察�

yet it does not follow but that the mind may be put in such a train that it 

shall perceive�察�by a kind of scientific sense�察�that propriety which words�察�

particularly   words   of   unpractised   writers   such   as   we   are�察  �can   but   very 

feebly suggest。 

     Invention     is  one   of   the  great   marks    of   genius�察  �but   if  we   consult 

experience�察�we shall find that it is by being conversant with the inventions 

of others that we learn to invent�察�as by reading the thoughts of others we 



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learn to think。 

     Whoever has so far formed his taste as to be able to relish and feel the 

beauties of the great masters has gone a great way in his study�察�for�察�merely 

from a consciousness of this relish of the right�察�the mind swells with an 

inward     pride�察  �and   is  almost    as  powerfully   affected      as  if  it  had  itself 

produced what it admires。 Our hearts frequently warmed in this manner by 

the contact of those whom we wish to resemble�察�will undoubtedly  catch 

something   of   their   way   of   thinking�察  �and   we   shall   receive   in   our   own 

bosoms      some     radiation    at  least   of   their  fire   and   splendour。      That 

disposition�察  �which   is   so   strong    in   children�察  �still   continues   with   us�察  �of 

catching involuntarily the general air and manner of those with whom we 

are    most   conversant�察    �with   this  difference     only�察 �that  a  young     mind    is 

naturally pliable and imitative�察�but in a more advanced state it grows rigid�察�

and must be warmed and softened before it will receive a deep impression。 

     From these considerations�察�which a little of your reflection will carry a 

great way further�察�it appears of what great consequence it is that our minds 

should be habituated to the contemplation of excellence�察�and that�察�far from 

being contented to make such habits the discipline of our youth only�察�we 

should�察�to the last moment of our lives�察�continue a settled intercourse with 

all the true examples of grandeur。           Their inventions are not only the food 

of our infancy�察�but the substance which supplies the fullest maturity of our 

vigour。 

     The   mind   is   but   a   barren   soil�察 �is   a   soil   soon   exhausted�察  �and  will 

produce      no  crop�察  �or   only   one�察  �unless   it  be  continually     fertilised  and 

enriched with foreign matter。 

     When   we   have   had   continually   before   us   the   great   works   of   art   to 

impregnate our minds with kindred ideas�察�we are then�察�and not till then�察�fit 

to produce something�察�of the same species。               We behold all about us with 

the   eyes   of   these   penetrating   observers�察  �and   our   minds�察  �accustomed   to 

think the thoughts of the noblest and brightest intellects�察�are prepared for 

the discovery and selection of all that is great and noble in nature。                   The 

greatest natural genius cannot subsist on its own stock�此                �he who resolves 

never to ransack any mind but his own will be soon reduced�察�from mere 

barrenness�察�to the poorest of all imitations�察�he will be obliged to imitate 



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himself�察�and to repeat wha

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