the maintenance of free trade-第3章
按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
intenance of free Trade； wherin I endeavour to be Compendious and Substantiall； and to follow his Method and some distribution for the better understanding； as a most important businesse of State； which is the cause that so many Statutes and lawes have beene made concerning moneyes and exchanges。 2。 So many Proclamations for the due execution thereof have bin published。 3。 Lastly； so many Treatises and Conferences have beene had had from Time to Time； Both with other Princes and within our selves； which in the judgement of the said Author are neglected as unnecessary； or by ignorance not mentioned； concluding with him； That as there are many causes discussed and discoursed of； at this time of the decay of Trade： So are there many Remedies propounded； wherein if either the Principall Causes be mistaken （as hee hath done） or defective Remedies propounded： The present disease of this Trade may increase and cast the Body into a more dangerous Sicknes。 For the efficient Cause being unknown； putteth out the Phisitians eye； as the Proverbe is。 Now let us come to the handling of the particulars in order； and afterward to the True Remedies； which must arise from the matter of exchange； as shall bee plainely demonstrated to the judicious Reader； voide of partiality； for the exchange is the faculty or Spirit of the soule of moneyes in the Course of Traffique。
Chapter One
The Causes of the Want of Moneys in England。
This Assertion we shall now bring to the hammer； the Anvel and the Touchstone； namely to firme Reason； by his owne first Argument of the immediate Cause of the want of money in England； alleaged by him to bee the undervaluation of his Majesties Coyne； where he saith by way of interrogation： Who will procure licence in Spaine to bring Realls into England； to sell them here at Tenne in the hundred Gaine； which is lesse then the exchange from thence will yeeld； when he may have for the same； five and twenty in the hundred in Holland？ Here in an obscure manner； he observeth the exchange from Spayne to be Sixe pence the Reall； as value for value； or the Par in exchange； whereby it is less （as hee saith：） and hee doth account the price of 8。 Reals at 51 Stivers in Holland； and the Rate of exchange at 22 shillings 4 pence Flemish to answer our 20 shillings Starlin as at Par pro Pari for those parts； howbeit that 42 shillings 6 pence Flemish payde there for the 5 Realls of 8 make 25 shillings 6 pence Starlin according to that Computation； howsoever wee see that this is grounded upon the exchange； which is the efficient Cause thereof； otherwise the 15 in the hundreth to be gotten in Holland more than in England： is altogether imaginary and not Reall。 For example let five of these Realls of 8 be bought here for 22 shillings Starlin； and bee transported into Holland； and there buy commodities with the same； according as the price of them； is inhaunced there； no man maketh any doubt； but that the said Commodities are also raised in price； according to the money inhaunced。 So that the gayne becommeth uncertaine； for the Commodities may be sold to losse。 But the merchants trading in Spaine； which cause their Realls to be sent from Spaine thither； or doe transporte them from the Downes： Rely wholy upon the lowe exchange； whereby they are inabled to deliver their money there； by exchange at an undervalue； in giving there but 33 shillings 4 pence and under； to have 20 shillings Starlin payed by Bill of exchange in England； whereby the kingdome maketh good unto them the said 15 upon the hundreth。 For this Reall of 8 was valued but at 42 Stivers； when the Par of exchange was made to be 33 shillings 4 pence； in the yeare 1586； when Robert Dudley； Earle of Leycester； went to take the government of those Countries； And shal we now receive in exchange the said price of 8 Reals for 51 Stivers； which is about five shillings and one peny Starlin； because they have inhaunced the same to their advantage； and continue the Par of exchange at 33 shilling 4 pence by which Computation the said 42 Stivers make but four shillings two pence half penny or thereabouts in true value？ Absit ignorantia。 Whereas； if our merchants of Spaine should give the saide price there in exchange for 42 Stivers； as they did formerly； （and may be done by order of exchange：） They shall not finde thereby Ten in the hundreth gaine； which they can make here more certaine and commodiously； whereby this money will be imported； without inhauncing of our Coyne。 This is so plaine in the understanding of Merchants； that there needeth no other explanation； for it demonstrateth manifestly； that if the lowe exchange were not； This Gayne would proove to be Imaginary； as we have noted。 And this causeth these Realls of Spayne to be diverted from us； and might els be imported to the said Merchants or others； which doe practice upon the Benefite of moneys to bee made betweene the exchange and moneys。 For the Rule is infallible； That when the exchange doth answer the true value of our moneys according to their intrinsicke weight and fineness； and their extrinsicke valuation： They are never exported； because the Gayne is answered by exchange； which is the Cause of Transportation。 This cause being prevented； maketh the effect to cease； and this is engraffed in every man's judgement； according to the Maxima often noted heretofore； Sublata Causa； Tollitur effectiu。 So that exchange still hath the command and striketh the Stroake； insomuch that albeit the price thereof riseth and falleth； according to Plenty or Scarcity of money： yet moneys are overruled thereby。 For is you inhaunce the Coyne； the exchange doth controlle it and rise accordingly。 And if you undervalue the same； The exchange in like manner doth fall in price。 Wherein note the operation of exchange both here and beyond the Seas； in places where exchanges runne upon the pound of 20 shillings Starlin。 If the inhauncing of Coyne be beyond the Seas； and the exchange be not made accordingly： Then our moneys are carried out。 If the inhauncing of Coyne were made here： E contra； moneys would bee imported。 But the merchant Stranger； who observeth the rule of exchange； and （will not be over…taken as wee are；） will over…rule the same ipso facto； and give you so much less in exchange； as we shall inhaunce our Coine by valuation； or imbase the same by Allay。 In like manner if you Cry downe moneys beyond the Seas； Th'exchange will alter in price accordingly： and if you Cry down moneys here； or undervalue them by name； Th'exchange ought to Rule and to make the denomination accordingly in price； and still remaineth Predominant over moneys and commodities。 For even as Commodities being the Body of Trafficke； draw unto them moneys； and therein may seeme to be Active； yet money （being the right judge or Rule which giveth or imposed a price unto Commodities：） is the Thing Active； and Commodities become the thing Passive： Even so； although money is the Subject whereupon exchanges are made： yet still th'exchange is made to Rule moneys； To the end； that the value thereof should bee answered by the Publike Measure of exchange； To prevent all abuses and inconveniences arising by the price of Commodities； and the valuation of moneys in exchange： which moneys are either Reall or imaginary； according to the Custome of the place of exchange by
the device of Bankers。 This was Seriously observed in the yeere 1576 by divers most honourable and Grave Counsellours of State； Namely； Sir Nickolas Bacon； Lord Keeper of the great Seale； Sir William Burghley Lord Treasurour of England； Thomas Earle of Sussex； Francis Earle of Bedford； Sir Francis Knowles； Sir James Croft； and Master Secretarie Walshingham； with the assistance of other worthy persons of experience； namely Sir Thomas Chamberlain； Sir Thomas Gresham Knight； Master Peter Osborne； Master James Altham； Master Thomas Rivet； and Master Richard Martin； Master of the Mints： for they found that the following inconveniences were practised； by Bankers or exchangers for their Private gaine and benefite； for the advancing of some Common…weales； and the destruction of other Common…weales。 To lay their money with Gaine in any place of the world； where exchange lyeth。 To Gaine and
