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               INDIAN HEROES AND GREAT CHIEFTAINS 



   INDIAN HEROES AND 

GREAT CHIEFTAINS 



                                   BY 

       CHARLES A。 EASTMAN ��OHIYESA�� 



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                       INDIAN HEROES AND GREAT CHIEFTAINS 



                               RED CLOUD 



       EVERY age�察�every race�察�has its leaders and heroes。               There were over 

sixty distinct tribes of Indians on this continent�察�each of which boasted its 

notable   men。      The   names   and   deeds   of   some   of   these   men   will   live   in 

American       history�察  �yet  in   the  true   sense   they    are  unknown�察     �because 

misunderstood。        I   should   like   to   present   some   of   the   greatest   chiefs   of 

modern times in the light of the native character and ideals�察�believing that 

the American people will gladly do them tardy justice。 

     It   is   matter   of   history   that   the   Sioux   nation�察  �to   which   I   belong�察  �was 

originally  friendly  to   the   Caucasian   peoples   which   it   met   in   succession´ 

first�察�to the south the Spaniards�察�then the French�察�on the Mississippi River 

and along the   Great Lakes�察  �later the   English�察�and   finally the Americans。 

This powerful tribe then roamed over the whole extent of the Mississippi 

valley�察�between that river and the Rockies。             Their usages and government 

united the various bands more closely than was the case with many of the 

neighboring tribes。 

     During     the   early   part   of  the   nineteenth     century�察  �chiefs    such   as 

Wabashaw�察�Redwing�察�and Little Six among the eastern Sioux�察�Conquering 

Bear�察�Man´Afraid´of´His´Horse�察�and Hump of the western bands�察�were the 

last   of  the  old   type。   After    these�察  �we   have   a  coterie   of  new   leaders�察�

products   of   the   new   conditions   brought   about   by   close   contact   with   the 

conquering race。 

     This distinction must   be borne in   mind  that   while the early  chiefs 

were   spokesmen   and   leaders   in   the   simplest   sense�察  �possessing   no   real 

authority�察�those who headed their tribes during the transition period were 

more or less rulers and more or less politicians。              It is a singular fact that 

many of the ;chiefs;�察�well known as such to the American public�察�were not 

chiefs at all according to the accepted usages of their tribesmen。                   Their 

prominence       was   simply   the   result   of  an  abnormal      situation�察 �in  which 

representatives of the United States Government made use of them for a 

definite purpose。       In a few cases�察�where a chief met with a violent death�察�



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                        INDIAN HEROES AND GREAT CHIEFTAINS 



some     ambitious     man    has   taken    advantage     of  the   confusion     to  thrust 

himself   upon   the   tribe   and�察  �perhaps   with   outside   help�察  �has   succeeded   in 

usurping the leadership。 

     Red   Cloud   was   born   about   1820   near   the   forks   of   the   Platte   River。 

He    was    one   of  a  family    of  nine   children    whose    father�察  �an   able  and 

respected     warrior�察   �reared   his  son   under    the  old   Spartan    regime。    The 

young   Red   Cloud   is   said   to   have   been   a   fine   horseman�察  �able   to   swim 

across     the   Missouri      and   Yellowstone       rivers�察  �of   high    bearing    and 

unquestionable  courage�察 �yet   invariably  gentle  and   courteous   in   everyday 

life。   This   last   trait�察  �together   with   a   singularly   musical   and   agreeable 

voice�察�has always been characteristic of the man。 

     When he was about six years old�察�his father gave him a spirited colt�察�

and said to him�此�

     ;My son�察�when you are able to sit quietly upon the back of this colt 

without saddle or bridle�察�I shall be glad�察�for the boy who can win a wild 

creature and learn to use it will as a man be able to win and rule men。; 

     The     little  fellow�察  �instead    of   going    for   advice    and   help    to  his 

grandfather�察     �as  most    Indian   boys    would    have    done�察  �began    quietly    to 

practice throwing the lariat。        In a little while he was able to lasso the colt。 

He was dragged off his feet at once�察�but hung on�察�and finally managed to 

picket him near the teepee。          When the big boys drove the herd of ponies 

to water�察�he drove his colt with the rest。           Presently the pony became used 

to him and   allowed himself   to be handled。             The   boy began to ride him 

bareback�察  �he   was   thrown   many   times�察  �but   persisted   until   he   could   ride 

without even a lariat�察�sitting with arms folded and guiding the animal by 

the movements of his body。            From that time on he told me that he broke 

all his own ponies�察�and before long his father's as well。 

     The old men�察�his   contemporaries�察�have often related to me how  Red 

Cloud was always successful in the hunt because his horses were so well 

broken。     At the age of nine�察�he began to ride his father's pack pony upon 

the buffalo hunt。       He was twelve years old�察�he told me�察�when he was first 

permitted to take part in the chase�察�and found to his great mortification that 

none     of  his  arrows     penetrated    more    than    a  few   inches。    Excited     to 

recklessness�察�he whipped his horse nearer the fleeing buffalo�察�and before 



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                       INDIAN HEROES AND GREAT CHIEFTAINS 



his father knew what he was about�察�he had seized one of the protruding 

arrows and tried to push it deeper。          The furious animal tossed his massive 

head sidewise�察�and boy and horse were whirled into the air。                  Fortunately�察�

the boy was thrown on the farther side of his pony�察�which received the full 

force of the second attack。         The thundering hoofs of the stampeded herd 

soon passed them by�察�but the wounded and maddened buffalo refused to 

move�察    �and    some    critical  moments      passed    before    Red    Cloud's    father 

succeeded in attracting its attention so that the boy might spring to his feet 

and run for his life。 

     I once asked Red Cloud if he could recall having ever been afraid�察�and 

in reply he told me this story。          He was about sixteen years old and had 

already   been   once   or   twice   upon   the   warpath�察  �when   one   fall   his   people 

were hunting in the Big Horn country�察�where they might expect trouble at 

any    moment      with   the   hostile  Crows     or  Shoshones。       Red    Cloud    had 

followed a single buffalo bull into the Bad Lands and was out of sight and 

hearing   of   his   companions。      When   he   had   brought   down   his   game�察  �he 

noted carefully every feature of his surroundings so that he might at once 

detect anything unusual�察�and tied his horse with a long lariat to the horn of 

the dead bison�察�while skinning and cutting up the meat so as to pack it to 

camp。      Every     few   minutes     he   paused    in  his  work    to  scrutinize    the 

landscape�察�for he had a feeling that danger was not far off。 

     Suddenly�察�almost over his head�察�as it seemed�察�he heard a tremendous 

war   whoop�察  �and   glancing   sidewise�察  �thought   he   beheld   the   charge   of   an 

overwhelming number of warriors。              He tried desperately to give the usual 

undaunted war whoop in reply�察�but instead a yell of terror burst from his 

lips�察  �his   legs   gave   way   under   him�察  �and   he   fell   in  a   heap。 When   he 

realized�察�the next instant�察�that the war whoop was merely the sudden loud 

whinnying of his own horse�察�and the charging army a band of fleeing elk�察�

he was so ashamed of himself that he never forgot the incide

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