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indian heroes and great chieftains(咫及芦哂俛)-及31嫗

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camps。      This   once   Joseph   was   surprised。      He   had   seen no   trace   of   the 

soldiers and had somewhat relaxed his vigilance。 

     He told his little daughter to stay where she was�察�and himself cut right 

through the cavalry and rode up to his own teepee�察�where his wife met him 



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at   the   door   with   his   rifle�察  �crying�此   �Here   is   your   gun�察  �husband� ─�The 

warriors quickly gathered and pressed the soldiers so hard that they had to 

withdraw。      Meanwhile one set of the people fled while Joseph's own band 

entrenched themselves in a very favorable position from which they could 

not easily be dislodged。 

     General Miles had received and acted on General Howard's message�察�

and he now sent one of his officers with some Indian scouts into Joseph's 

camp to negotiate with the chief。          Meantime Howard and Sturgis came up 

with the encampment�察�and Howard had with him two friendly Nez Perce 

scouts   who   were   directed   to   talk   to   Joseph   in   his   own   language。   He 

decided that there was nothing to do but surrender。 

     He   had   believed   that   his   escape   was   all   but   secure�此  �then   at   the   last 

moment   he   was   surprised   and   caught   at   a   disadvantage。     His army  was 

shattered�察�he had lost most of the leaders in these various fights�察�his people�察�

including      children�察  �women�察     �and   the   wounded�察     �had   traveled    thirteen 

hundred miles in about fifty days�察�and he himself a young man who had 

never before   taken   any  important responsibility�           �Even   now  he   was   not 

actually conquered。        He was well entrenched�察�his people were willing to 

die fighting�察�but the army of the United States offered peace and he agreed�察�

as he said�察�out of pity for his suffering people。           Some of his warriors still 

refused to surrender and slipped out of the camp at night and through the 

lines。    Joseph had�察�as he told me�察�between three and four hundred fighting 

men   in   the   beginning�察  �which   means   over   one   thousand   persons�察  �and   of 

these several hundred surrendered with him。 

     His own story of the conditions he made was prepared by himself with 

my help in 1897�察�when he came to Washington to present his grievances。 

I sat up with him nearly all of one night�察�and I may add here that we took 

the   document   to   General   Miles   who   was   then   stationed   in   Washington�察�

before presenting it to the Department。           The General said that every word 

of it was true。 

     In the first place�察�his people were to be kept at Fort Keogh�察�Montana�察�

over the winter and then returned to their reservation。              Instead they were 

taken to Fort Leavenworth�察�Kansas�察�and placed between a lagoon and the 

Missouri   River�察  �where   the   sanitary   conditions   made   havoc   with   them。 



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Those who did not die were then taken to the Indian Territory�察�where the 

health   situation   was   even   worse。     Joseph   appealed      to  the   government 

again and again�察�and at last by the help of Bishops Whipple and Hare he 

was moved to the Colville reservation in Washington。                 Here the land was 

very poor�察�unlike their own fertile valley。          General Miles said to the chief 

that he had recommended and urged that their agreement be kept�察�but the 

politicians   and   the   people   who   occupied   the   Indians'   land   declared   they 

were afraid if he returned he would break out again and murder innocent 

white settlers�     �What irony� �

     The great Chief Joseph died broken´spirited and broken´hearted。                   He 

did not hate the whites�察�for there was nothing small about him�察�and when 

he laid down his weapons he would not fight on with his mind。                      But he 

was profoundly disappointed in the claims of a Christian civilization。                    I 

call him great because he was simple and honest。                 Without education or 

special   training   he   demonstrated   his   ability   to   lead   and   to   fight   when 

justice    demanded。       He    outgeneraled      the  best   and   most    experienced 

commanders in the army of the United States�察�although their troops were 

well    provisioned�察    �well  armed�察   �and   above    all  unencumbered。       He    was 

great   finally�察  �because    he   never   boasted   of   his  remarkable   feat。    I  am 

proud of him�察�because he was a true American。 



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                            LITTLE WOLF 



       If any people ever fought for liberty and justice�察�it was the Cheyennes。 

If any ever demonstrated their physical and moral courage beyond cavil�察�it 

was this race of purely American heroes�察�among whom Little Wolf was a 

leader。 

     I knew the chief personally very well。           As a young doctor�察�I was sent 

to the Pine Ridge agency in 1890�察�as government physician to the Sioux 

and   the   Northern   Cheyennes。       While   I   heard   from   his   own   lips   of   that 

gallant dash of his people from their southern exile to their northern home�察�

I prefer that Americans should read of it in Doctor George Bird Grinnell's 

book�察 �The Fighting Cheyennes。;            No account could be clearer or simpler�察�

and then too�察�the author cannot be charged with a bias in favor of his own 

race。 

     At the time that I knew him�察�Little Wolf was a handsome man�察�with the 

native   dignity  and   gentleness�察  �musical   voice�察  �and   pleasant   address   of   so 

many brave leaders of his people。            One day when he was dining with us 

at our home on the reservation�察�I asked him�察�as I had a habit of doing�察�for 

some reminiscences   of his   early  life。       He   was   rather   reluctant   to   speak�察�

but a friend who was present contributed the following�此�

     ;Perhaps I can tell you why it is that he has been a lucky man all his 

life。   When quite a small boy�察�the tribe was one winter in want of food�察�

and his good mother had saved a small piece of buffalo meat�察�which she 

solemnly brought forth and placed before him with the remark�此�'My son 

must   be   patient�察  �for   when   he   grows   up   he   will   know   even   harder   times 

than this。' 

     ;He   had   eaten   nothing   all   day   and   was   pretty  hungry�察  �but   before   he 

could lay hands on the meat a starving dog snatched it and bolted from the 

teepee。     The     mother     ran  after   the  dog    and   brought     him   back    for 

punishment。       She tied him to a post and was about to whip him when the 

boy   interfered。    'Don't   hurt   him�察  �mother��'   he   cried�察  �'he   took   the   meat 

because he was hungrier than I am��'; 

     I  was   told   of  another   kind   act  of  his  under    trying   circumstances。 



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While still a youth�察�he was caught out with a party of buffalo hunters in a 

blinding blizzard。       They were compelled to lie down side by side in the 

snowdrifts�察�and it was a day and a night before they could get out。                   The 

weather turned very cold�察�and when the men arose they were in danger of 

freezing。     Little Wolf pressed his fine buffalo robe upon an old man who 

was shaking with a chill and himself took the other's thin blanket。 

     As a full´grown young man�察�he was attracted by a maiden of his tribe�察�

and according to the custom then in vogue the pair disappeared。                     When 

they   ret

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