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is   followed   forks   ever   and   again   with   an   `if。'  And   we   who�察  �across   the 

distance of time�察�watch with a sort of Jovian pity the tragic puppets in their 

folly   miss   this   fork   and   that   fork   on   their   road   of   destiny   select�察  �each 

according   to   our   particular   temperaments�察  �a   particular   `if'   over   which   to 

shake our heads。         For me�察�in this story of Rochester�察�Overbury�察�Frances 

Howard�察�and the rest�察�the point of tragedy�察�the most poignant of the issues�察�

is   the   betrayal   by   Robert   Carr   of   Overbury's   friendship。        Though   this 

story is essentially�察�or should be�察�that of the two women who were linked 

in fate with Rochester and his coadjutor�察�I am constrained to linger for a 

moment on that point。 

     Overbury's counsel had made Carr great。                  With nothing but his good 

looks   and   his personal  charm�察 �his   only  real   attributes�察 �Carr  had been   no 

more     than    King    James's    creature。     James�察    �with    all  the  pedantry�察    �the 

laboured   cunning�察  �the   sleezy   weaknesses   of   character   that   make   him   so 

detestable�察�was yet too shrewd to have put power in the hands of the mere 

minion that Carr would have been without the brain of Overbury to guide 

him。     Of   himself   Carr   was   the   `toom   tabard'   of   earlier   parlance   in   his 

native  country�察  �the   `stuffed   shirt'   of   a   later  and   more   remote   generation。 

But beyond the coalition for  mutual help that existed between   Overbury 

and   Carr�察  �an   arrangement   which   might   have   thrived   on   a   basis   merely 

material�察�there was a deep and splendid friendship。                  `Stuffed shirt' or not�察�

Robert   Carr   was   greatly   loved   by   Overbury。         Whatever   Overbury   may 



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have thought of Carr's mental attainments�察�he had the greatest faith in his 

loyalty as a friend。      And here lies the terrible pity in that `if' of my choice。 

The love between the two men was great enough to have saved them both。 

It broke on the weakness of Carr。 

     Overbury   was   aware   that�察  �honestly   presented�察  �the   petition   by   Lady 

Essex for the annulment of her marriage had little chance of success。                  But 

for the obstinacy of Essex it might have been granted readily enough。                   He 

had�察�however�察�as we have seen�察�forced her to live with him as his wife�察�in 

appearance at least�察�for several months in the country。               There now would 

be    difficulty   in  putting    forward    the   petition   on   the  ground     of  non´ 

consummation of the marriage。 

     It  was�察  �nevertheless�察    �on  this  ground     that  the  petition   was   brought 

forward。      But the non´consummation was not attributed�察�as it might have 

been�察 �to   the   continued separation   that   had begun   at   the  altar�察  �the   reason 

given     was    the   impotence      of   the   husband。       Just    what    persuasion 

Northampton   and   the   Howards   used   on   Essex   to   make   him   accept   this 

humiliating implication it is hard to   imagine�察�but by the   time   the   coarse 

wits    of  the  period    had   done   with   him   Essex    was    amply    punished    in 

ridicule for his primary obstinacy。 

     Sir   Thomas   Overbury�察  �well   informed   though   he   usually   was�察  �must 

have been   a good   deal in the dark   regarding the negotiations which had 

brought the nullity suit to this forward state。            He had warned Rochester 

so frankly of the danger into which the scheme was likely to lead him that 

they   had   quarrelled   and   parted。     If   Rochester   had   been   frank   with   his 

friend�察�if�察�on the ground of their friendship�察�he had appealed to him to set 

aside his prejudice�察�it might well have been that the tragedy which ensued 

would     have    been   averted。     Enough      evidence     remains    to  this  day   of 

Overbury's kindness for Robert   Carr�察�there is enough   proof of the  man's 

abounding resource and wit�察�to give warrant for belief that he would have 

had the will�察�as he certainly had the ability�察�to help his friend。              Overbury 

was     one   of   the  brightest    intelligences    of   his   age。   Had      Rochester 

confessed the extent of his   commitment with Northampton there is  little 

doubt     that   Overbury     could    and    would    have    found    a  way    whereby 

Rochester      could    have    attained   his   object   ��of  marriage     with   Frances 



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Howard���察�and this without jeopardizing their mutual power to the Howard 

menace。 

     In denying the man who had made him great the complete confidence 

which their friendship demanded Rochester took the tragically wrong path 

on   his   road   of   destiny。  But   the   truth   is   that   when   he   quarrelled   with 

Overbury       he   had   already    betrayed    the   friendship。     He     had   already 

embarked on the perilous experiment of straddling between two opposed 

camps。      It was an experiment that he�察�least of all men�察�had the adroitness 

to bring off。     He was never in such need of Overbury's brain as when he 

aligned himself in secret with Overbury's enemies。 

     It is entirely probable that in linking up with Northampton Rochester 

had   no   mind   to   injure   his   friend。  The   bait   was   the   woman   he   loved。 

Without Northampton's aid the nullity suit could not be put forward�察�and 

without the   annulment   there   could be   no   marriage   for   him  with   Frances 

Howard。       But he had no sooner joined with Northampton than the very 

processes      against    which     Overbury      had    warned      him    were     begun。 

Rochester was trapped�察�and with him Overbury。 

     For the success of the suit�察�in Northampton's view�察�Overbury knew too 

much。      It was a view to which Rochester was readily persuaded�察�or it was 

one which he was easily frightened into accepting。                 From that to joining 

in a plot for being rid of Overbury was but a step。              Grateful�察�perhaps�察�for 

the undoubted services that Overbury had rendered him�察�Rochester would 

be    eager   enough     to   find  his   quondam      friend   employment。        If   that 

employment   happened to take   Overbury  out of   the   country  so   much   the 

better。    At   one   time   the   King�察  �jealous   as  a  woman      of  the  friendship 

existing between   his   favourite and   Overbury�察 �had   tried to   shift the latter 

out   of   the   way   by   an   offer   of   the   embassy   in   Paris。 It   was   an   offer 

Rochester   thought�察  �that   he   might   cause   to   be   repeated。     The   idea   was 

broached to   Overbury。         That   shrewd   individual�察 �of   course�察�saw   through 

the suggestion to the intention behind it�察�but he was at a loss for an outlet 

for   his   talents�察  �having   left   Rochester's   employ�察  �and   he   believed   without 

immodesty that he could do useful work as ambassador in Paris。 

     Overbury was offered an embassybut in Muscovy。                   He had no mind 

to bury himself in Russia�察�and he refused the offer on the ground of ill´ 



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health。     By     doing   this   he   walked    into   the   trap  prepared     for  him。 

Northampton had foreseen the refusal when he promoted the offer on its 

rearranged terms。       The King�察�already incensed against Overbury for some 

hints at knowledge of facts liable to upset the Essex nullity suit�察�pretended 


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