an account of egypt(娃式芝)-及5嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
Moreover kites and swallows remain there through the year and do not
leave the land�察�and cranes flying from the cold weather which comes on in
the region of Scythia come regularly to these parts for wintering�此�if then it
snowed ever so little in that land through which the Nile flows and in
which it has its rise�察�none of these things would take place�察�as necessity
compels us to admit。 As for him who talked about the Ocean�察�he carried
his tale into the region of the unknown�察 �and so he need not be refuted�察�
since I for my part know of no river Ocean existing�察�but I think that Homer
or one of the poets who were before him invented the name and
introduced it into his verse。
If however after I have found fault with the opinions proposed�察�I am
bound to declare an opinion of my own about the matters which are in
doubt�察�I will tell what to my mind is the reason why the Nile increases in
the summer。 In the winter season the Sun�察 �being driven away from his
former path through the heaven by the stormy winds�察�comes to the upper
parts of Libya。 If one would set forth the matter in the shortest way�察�all has
now been said�察�for whatever region this god approaches most and stands
directly above�察 �this it may reasonably be supposed is most in want of
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water�察�and its native streams of rivers are dried up most。 However�察�to set it
forth at greater length�察 �thus it is��the Sun passing in his course by the
upper parts of Libya�察�does thus�察�that is to say�察�since at all times the air in
those parts is clear and the country is warm�察 �because there are no cold
winds�察�in passing through it the Sun does just as he was wont to do in the
summer�察�when going through the midst of the heaven�察�that is he draws to
himself the water�察�and having drawn it he drives it away to the upper parts
of the country�察�and the winds take it up and scattering it abroad melt it into
rain�察�so it is natural that the winds which blow from this region�察�namely
the South and South´west Winds�察�should be much the most rainy of all the
winds。 I think however that the Sun does not send away from himself all
the water of the Nile of each year�察�but that also he lets some remain behind
with himself。 Then when the winter becomes milder�察�the Sun returns back
again to the midst of the heaven�察 �and from that time onwards he draws
equally from all rivers�察 �but in the meantime they flow in large volume�察�
since water of rain mingles with them in great quantity�察 �because their
country receives rain then and is filled with torrent streams。 In summer
however they are weak�察�since not only the showers of rain fail them�察�but
also they are drawn by the Sun。 The Nile however�察�alone of all rivers�察�not
having rain and being drawn by the Sun�察�naturally flows during this time
of winter in much less than its proper volume�察�that is much less than in
summer�察 �for then it is drawn equally with all the other waters�察 �but in
winter it bears the burden alone。 Thus I suppose the Sun to be the cause of
these things。 He also is the cause in my opinion that the air in these parts is
dry�察�since he makes it so by scorching up his path through the heaven�此�thus
summer prevails always in the upper parts of Libya。 If however the station
of the seasons had been changed�察�and where now in the heaven are placed
the North Wind and winter�察�there was the station of the South Wind and of
the midday�察�and where now is placed the South Wind�察�there was the North�察�
if this had been so�察�the Sun being driven from the midst of the heaven by
the winter and the North Wind would go to the upper parts of Europe�察�just
as now he comes to the upper parts of Libya�察 �and passing in his course
throughout the whole of Europe I suppose he would do to the Ister that
which he now works upon the Nile。 As to the breeze�察 �why none blows
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from the river�察�my opinion is that from very hot places it is not natural that
anything should blow�察�and that a breeze is wont to blow from something
cold。
Let these matters then be as they are and as they were at the first�此�but
as to the sources of the Nile�察 �not one either of the Egyptians or of the
Libyans or of the Hellenes�察 �who came to speech with me�察 �professed to
know anything�察�except the scribe of the sacred treasury of Athene at the
city of Sais in Egypt。 To me however this man seemed not to be speaking
seriously when he said that he had certain knowledge of it�察�and he said as
follows�察�namely that there were two mountains of which the tops ran up to
a sharp point�察�situated between the city of Syene�察�which is in the district of
Thebes�察�and Elephantine�察�and the names of the mountains were�察�of the one
Crophi and of the other Mophi。 From the middle between these mountains
flowed ��he said�� the sources of the Nile�察�which were fathomless in depth�察�
and half of the water flowed to Egypt and towards the North Wind�察 �the
other half to Ethiopia and the South Wind。 As for the fathomless depth of
the source�察�he said that Psammetichos king of Egypt came to a trial of this
matter�察 �for he had a rope twisted of many thousand fathoms and let it
down in this place�察 �and it found no bottom。 By this the scribe ��if this
which he told was really as he said�� gave me to understand that there were
certain strong eddies there and a backward flow�察�and that since the water
dashed against the mountains�察�therefore the sounding´line could not come
to any bottom when it was let down。 From no other person was I able to
learn anything about this matter�察�but for the rest I learnt so much as here
follows by the most diligent inquiry�察�for I went myself as an eye´witness
as far as the city of Elephantine and from that point onwards I gathered
knowledge by report。 From the city of Elephantine as one goes up the river
there is country which slopes steeply�察�so that here one must attach ropes to
the vessel on both sides�察 �as one fastens an ox�察 �and so make one's way
onward�察�and if the rope break�察�the vessel is gone at once�察�carried away by
the violence of the stream。 Through this country it is a voyage of about
four days in length�察 �and in this part the Nile is winding like the river
Maiander�察�and the distance amounts to twelve /schoines/�察�which one must
traverse in this manner。 Then you will come to a level plain�察�in which the
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Nile flows round an island named Tachompso。 ��Now in the regions above
the Elephantine there dwell Ethiopians at once succeeding�察 �who also
occupy half of the island�察 �and Egyptians the other half。�� Adjoining this
island there is a great lake�察�round which dwell Ethiopian nomad tribes�察�and
when you have sailed through this you will come to the stream of the Nile
again�察�which flows into this lake。 After this you will disembark and make
a journey by land of forty days�察�for in the Nile sharp rocks stand forth out
of the water�察 �and there are many reefs�察�by which it is not possible for a
vessel to pass。 Then after having passed through this country