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EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。
EARLY KINGS OF
NORWAY。
by Thomas Carlyle
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EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。
The Icelanders�察�in their long winter�察�had a great habit of writing�察�and
were�察�and still are�察�excellent in penmanship�察�says Dahlmann。 It is to this
fact�察 �that any little history there is of the Norse Kings and their old
tragedies�察�crimes and heroisms�察�is almost all due。 The Icelanders�察�it seems�察�
not only made beautiful letters on their paper or parchment�察 �but were
laudably observant and desirous of accuracy�察 �and have left us such a
collection of narratives ��_Sagas_�察 �literally ;Says;�� as�察 �for quantity and
quality�察�is unexampled among rude nations。 Snorro Sturleson's History of
the Norse Kings is built out of these old Sagas�察�and has in it a great deal of
poetic fire�察 �not a little faithful sagacity applied in sifting and adjusting
these old Sagas�察 �and�察 �in a word�察 �deserves�察 �were it once well edited�察�
furnished with accurate maps�察 �chronological summaries�察 �&c。�察 �to be
reckoned among the great history´books of the world。 It is from these
sources�察 �greatly aided by accurate�察 �learned and unwearied Dahlmann�撮�1�А�
the German Professor�察�that the following rough notes of the early Norway
Kings are hastily thrown together。 In Histories of England ��Rapin's
excepted�� next to nothing has been shown of the many and strong threads
of connection between English affairs and Norse。
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EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。
CHAPTER I。
HARALD HAARFAGR。
Till about the Year of Grace 860 there were no kings in Norway�察�
nothing but numerous jarls��essentially kinglets�察 �each presiding over a
kind of republican or parliamentary little territory�察�generally striving each
to be on some terms of human neighborhood with those about him�察�but�察�
in spite of ;_Fylke Things_; ��Folk Things�察�little parish parliaments���察�and
small combinations of these�察 �which had gradually formed themselves�察�
often reduced to the unhappy state of quarrel with them。 Harald Haarfagr
was the first to put an end to this state of things�察�and become memorable
and profitable to his country by uniting it under one head and making a
kingdom of it�察�which it has continued to be ever since。 His father�察�Halfdan
the Black�察�had already begun this rough but salutary process��inspired by
the cupidities and instincts�察�by the faculties and opportunities�察�which the
good genius of this world�察�beneficent often enough under savage forms�察�
and diligent at all times to diminish anarchy as the world's worst savagery�察�
usually appoints in such cases��conquest�察�hard fighting�察�followed by wise
guidance of the conquered��but it was Harald the Fairhaired�察�his son�察�who
conspicuously carried it on and completed it。 Harald's birth´year�察 �death´
year�察 �and chronology in general�察 �are known only by inference and
computation�察�but�察�by the latest reckoning�察�he died about the year 933 of
our era�察�a man of eighty´three。
The business of conquest lasted Harald about twelve years ��A。D。 860´
872�殖��察�in which he subdued also the vikings of the out´islands�察�Orkneys�察�
Shetlands�察 �Hebrides�察 �and Man。 Sixty more years were given him to
consolidate and regulate what he had conquered�察�which he did with great
judgment�察 �industry and success。 His reign altogether is counted to have
been of over seventy years。
The beginning of his great adventure was of a romantic character。
youthful love for the beautiful Gyda�察 �a then glorious and famous young
lady of those regions�察 �whom the young Harald aspired to marry。 Gyda
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EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。
answered his embassy and prayer in a distant�察�lofty manner�此 �Her it would
not beseem to wed any Jarl or poor creature of that kind�察 �let him do as
Gorm of Denmark�察 �Eric of Sweden�察 �Egbert of England�察 �and others had
done��subdue into peace and regulation the confused�察�contentious bits of
jarls round him�察�and become a king�察�then�察�perhaps�察�she might think of his
proposal�此�till then�察�not。; Harald was struck with this proud answer�察�which
rendered Gyda tenfold more desirable to him。 He vowed to let his hair
grow�察 �never to cut or even to comb it till this feat were done�察 �and the
peerless Gyda his own。 He proceeded accordingly to conquer�察 �in fierce
battle�察�a Jarl or two every year�察�and�察�at the end of twelve years�察�had his
unkempt ��and almost unimaginable�� head of hair clipt off��Jarl Rognwald
��_Reginald_�� of More�察�the most valued and valuable of all his subject´jarls�察�
being promoted to this sublime barber function��after which King Harald�察�
with head thoroughly cleaned�察 �and hair grown�察 �or growing again to the
luxuriant beauty that had no equal in his day�察�brought home his Gyda�察�and
made her the brightest queen in all the north。 He had after her�察 �in
succession�察 �or perhaps even simultaneously in some cases�察 �at least six
other wives�察�and by Gyda herself one daughter and four sons。
Harald was not to be considered a strict´living man�察�and he had a great
deal of trouble�察�as we shall see�察�with the tumultuous ambition of his sons�察�
but he managed his government�察�aided by Jarl Rognwald and others�察�in a
large�察 �quietly potent�察 �and successful manner�察 �and it lasted in this royal
form till his death�察�after sixty years of it。
These were the times of Norse colonization�察 �proud Norsemen flying
into other lands�察�to freer scenes��to Iceland�察�to the Faroe Islands�察�which
were hitherto quite vacant ��tenanted only by some mournful hermit�察�Irish
Christian _fakir_�察�or so���察�still more copiously to the Orkney and Shetland
Isles�察�the Hebrides and other countries where Norse squatters and settlers
already were。 Settlement of Iceland�察 �we say�察 �settlement of the Faroe
Islands�察�and�察�by far the notablest of all�察�settlement of Normandy by Rolf
the Ganger ��A。D。 876�殖�。��2�А�
Rolf�察�son of Rognwald�撮�3�А�was lord of three little islets far north�察�near
the Fjord of Folden�察�called the Three Vigten Islands�察�but his chief means
of living was that of sea robbery�察 �which�察 �or at least Rolf's conduct in
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EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。
which�察�Harald did not approve of。 In the Court of Harald�察�sea´robbery was
strictly forbidden as between Harald's own countries�察 �but as against
foreign countries it continued to be the one profession for a gentleman�察�
thus�察�I read�察 �Harald's own chief son�察�King Eric that afterwards was�察 �had
been at sea in such employments ever since his twelfth year。 Rolf's crime�察�
however�察�was that in coming home from one of these expeditions�察�his crew
having fallen short of victual�察 �Rolf landed with them on the shore of
Norway�察�and in his strait�察�drove in some cattle there ��a crime by law�� and
proceeded to kill and eat�察 �