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                        EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。 



EARLY KINGS OF 

               NORWAY。 



                    by Thomas Carlyle 



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                                      EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。 



        The Icelanders�察�in their long winter�察�had a great habit of writing�察�and 

were�察�and still are�察�excellent in penmanship�察�says Dahlmann。 It is to this 

fact�察   �that  any   little  history   there    is  of  the   Norse    Kings     and   their   old 

tragedies�察�crimes and heroisms�察�is almost all due。 The Icelanders�察�it seems�察�

not   only   made   beautiful   letters   on   their   paper   or   parchment�察  �but   were 

laudably   observant   and   desirous   of   accuracy�察  �and   have   left   us   such   a 

collection   of   narratives   ��_Sagas_�察  �literally   ;Says;��   as�察  �for   quantity   and 

quality�察�is unexampled among rude nations。 Snorro Sturleson's History of 

the Norse Kings is built out of these old Sagas�察�and has in it a great deal of 

poetic   fire�察  �not   a   little   faithful   sagacity   applied   in   sifting   and   adjusting 

these    old   Sagas�察    �and�察  �in  a  word�察   �deserves�察    �were    it  once    well   edited�察�

furnished       with   accurate     maps�察    �chronological       summaries�察      �&c。�察   �to   be 

reckoned   among   the   great   history´books   of   the   world。   It   is   from   these 

sources�察  �greatly  aided   by  accurate�察  �learned   and   unwearied   Dahlmann�撮�1�А�

the German Professor�察�that the following rough notes of the early Norway 

Kings      are   hastily   thrown      together。    In   Histories    of   England      ��Rapin's 

excepted�� next to nothing has been shown of the many and strong threads 

of connection between English affairs and Norse。 



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                                    EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。 



                                CHAPTER I。 



                                 HARALD HAARFAGR。 



     Till   about   the   Year   of   Grace   860   there   were   no   kings   in   Norway�察�

nothing   but   numerous   jarls��essentially   kinglets�察  �each   presiding   over   a 

kind of republican or parliamentary little territory�察�generally striving each 

to be on some terms of human neighborhood with those about him�察�but�察�

in spite of ;_Fylke Things_; ��Folk Things�察�little parish parliaments���察�and 

small   combinations   of   these�察  �which   had   gradually   formed   themselves�察�

often reduced to the unhappy state of quarrel with them。 Harald Haarfagr 

was the first to put an end to this state of things�察�and become memorable 

and profitable to his country by uniting it under one head and making a 

kingdom of it�察�which it has continued to be ever since。 His father�察�Halfdan 

the Black�察�had already begun this rough but salutary process��inspired by 

the cupidities and instincts�察�by the faculties and opportunities�察�which the 

good   genius   of this   world�察�beneficent often   enough under   savage   forms�察�

and diligent at all times to diminish anarchy as the world's worst savagery�察�

usually appoints in such cases��conquest�察�hard fighting�察�followed by wise 

guidance of the conquered��but it was Harald the Fairhaired�察�his son�察�who 

conspicuously   carried   it   on   and   completed   it。   Harald's   birth´year�察  �death´ 

year�察   �and   chronology      in  general�察   �are   known     only   by   inference    and 

computation�察�but�察�by the latest reckoning�察�he died about the year 933 of 

our era�察�a man of eighty´three。 

     The business of conquest lasted Harald about twelve years ��A。D。 860´ 

872�殖��察�in which he subdued also the vikings of the out´islands�察�Orkneys�察�

Shetlands�察     �Hebrides�察   �and   Man。     Sixty   more    years   were    given   him    to 

consolidate and regulate what he had conquered�察�which he did with great 

judgment�察  �industry   and   success。   His   reign   altogether   is   counted   to   have 

been of over seventy years。 

     The   beginning   of   his   great   adventure   was   of   a   romantic   character。 

youthful   love   for the   beautiful   Gyda�察 �a   then   glorious   and   famous   young 

lady   of   those   regions�察  �whom   the   young   Harald   aspired   to   marry。   Gyda 



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                                      EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。 



answered his embassy and prayer in a distant�察�lofty manner�此 �Her it would 

not   beseem  to   wed   any  Jarl or   poor   creature   of that kind�察  �let him  do   as 

Gorm   of   Denmark�察  �Eric   of   Sweden�察  �Egbert   of   England�察  �and   others   had 

done��subdue into peace and regulation the confused�察�contentious bits of 

jarls round him�察�and become a king�察�then�察�perhaps�察�she might think of his 

proposal�此�till then�察�not。; Harald was struck with this proud answer�察�which 

rendered   Gyda   tenfold   more   desirable   to   him。   He   vowed   to   let   his   hair 

grow�察  �never   to   cut   or   even   to   comb   it   till   this   feat   were   done�察  �and   the 

peerless   Gyda   his   own。   He   proceeded   accordingly   to   conquer�察  �in   fierce 

battle�察�a Jarl   or two every  year�察�and�察�at the end of   twelve years�察�had his 

unkempt ��and almost unimaginable�� head of hair clipt off��Jarl Rognwald 

��_Reginald_�� of More�察�the most valued and valuable of all his subject´jarls�察�

being promoted to this sublime barber function��after which King Harald�察�

with   head   thoroughly   cleaned�察  �and   hair   grown�察  �or   growing   again   to   the 

luxuriant beauty that had no equal in his day�察�brought home his Gyda�察�and 

made      her   the   brightest    queen    in   all  the  north。    He   had    after   her�察 �in 

succession�察  �or   perhaps   even   simultaneously   in   some   cases�察  �at   least   six 

other wives�察�and by Gyda herself one daughter and four sons。 

     Harald was not to be considered a strict´living man�察�and he had a great 

deal of trouble�察�as we shall see�察�with the tumultuous ambition of his sons�察�

but he managed his government�察�aided by Jarl Rognwald and others�察�in a 

large�察  �quietly   potent�察  �and   successful   manner�察  �and   it   lasted   in   this   royal 

form till his death�察�after sixty years of it。 

     These  were   the   times   of   Norse   colonization�察  �proud   Norsemen   flying 

into other lands�察�to freer scenes��to Iceland�察�to the Faroe Islands�察�which 

were hitherto quite vacant ��tenanted only by some mournful hermit�察�Irish 

Christian _fakir_�察�or so���察�still more copiously to the Orkney and Shetland 

Isles�察�the Hebrides and other countries where Norse squatters and settlers 

already     were。    Settlement      of  Iceland�察   �we    say�察 �settlement     of   the  Faroe 

Islands�察�and�察�by far the notablest of all�察�settlement of Normandy by Rolf 

the Ganger ��A。D。 876�殖�。��2�А�

     Rolf�察�son of Rognwald�撮�3�А�was lord of three little islets far north�察�near 

the Fjord of Folden�察�called the Three Vigten Islands�察�but his chief means 

of   living   was   that   of   sea   robbery�察  �which�察  �or   at   least   Rolf's   conduct   in 



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                                     EARLY KINGS OF NORWAY。 



which�察�Harald did not approve of。 In the Court of Harald�察�sea´robbery was 

strictly    forbidden     as   between     Harald's     own    countries�察   �but   as   against 

foreign   countries   it   continued   to   be   the   one   profession   for   a   gentleman�察�

thus�察�I read�察 �Harald's own   chief son�察�King   Eric that   afterwards was�察 �had 

been at sea in such employments ever since his twelfth year。 Rolf's crime�察�

however�察�was that in coming home from one of these expeditions�察�his crew 

having   fallen   short   of   victual�察  �Rolf   landed   with   them   on   the   shore   of 

Norway�察�and in his strait�察�drove in some cattle there ��a crime by law�� and 

proceeded   to   kill   and   eat�察  �

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