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theologico-political treatise p4(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢4)-及15嫗


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slain    to  the   number     of  a  hundred     and    twenty   thousand�察     �two   hundred 

thousand of their wives and children were led into captivity�察�and a great 

booty again seized。 ��30�� Worn out with these and similar battles set forth 

at length in their histories�察�the Jews at length fell a prey to their enemies。 

     ��18��31��   Furthermore�察  �if   we   reckon   up   the   times   during   which   peace 

prevailed      under     each    form    of   government�察       �we    shall   find    a  great 

discrepancy。 ��32�� Before the monarchy forty years and more often passed�察�

and   once   eighty  years   ��an   almost   unparalleled   period���察  �without   any  war�察�

foreign     or   civil。  ��33��   After    the   kings   acquired     sovereign     power�察    �the 

fighting was no longer for peace and liberty�察�but for glory�察�accordingly we 

find    that  they    all�察 �with   the  exception     of   Solomon      ��whose     virtue   and 

wisdom would be better displayed in peace than in war�� waged war�察�and 

finally a fatal desire for power gained ground�察�which�察�in many cases�察�made 

the path to the throne a bloody one。 

     ��18��34��     Lastly�察  �the   laws�察  �during    the   rule   of  the   people�察   �remained 

uncorrupted       and   were    studiously     observed。     ��35��   Before    the   monarchy 

there    were    very�察  �few    prophets    to   admonish      the  people�察   �but   after   the 

establishment of kings there were a great number at the same time。 ��36�� 

Obadiah saved a hundred from death and hid them away�察�lest they should 

be slain with the rest。 ��37�� The people�察�so far as we can see�察�were never 

deceived by false prophets till after the power had been vested in kings�察�

whose creatures many of the prophets were。 ��38�� Again�察�the people�察�whose 



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heart was generally proud or humble according to its circumstances�察�easily 

corrected it´self under misfortune�察�turned again to God�察�restored His laws�察�

and so freed itself from all peril�察�but the kings�察�whose hearts were always 

equally   puffed   up�察  �and   who   could   not   be   corrected   without   humiliation�察�

clung pertinaciously to their vices�察�even till the last overthrow of the city。 

     ��18��2�А。�39�� We may now clearly see from what I have said�此� 

     ��40��    I。  How    hurtful    to  religion   and   the   state  is  the   concession     to 

ministers   of   religion   of   any   power   of   issuing   decrees   or   transacting   the 

business     of   government�此      �how�察  �on   the   contrary�察   �far  greater    stability   is 

afforded�察     �if  the  said   ministers     are   only   allowed     to   give   answers     to 

questions   duly   put   to   them�察  �and   are�察  �as   a   rule�察  �obliged   to   preach   and 

practise the received and accepted doctrines。 

     ��18��41�� II How dangerous it is to refer to Divine right matters merely 

speculative   and      subject    or  liable   to  dispute。    ��42��   The   most    tyrannical 

governments are those which make crimes of opinions�察�for everyone has 

an inalienable right over his thoughts ´ nay�察�such a state of things leads to 

the rule of popular passion。 

     ��18��43�� Pontius Pilate made concession to the passion of the Pharisees 

in consenting to the crucifixion of Christ�察�whom he knew to be innocent。 

��44�� Again�察�the Pharisees�察�in order to shake the position of men richer than 

themselves�察  �began   to   set   on   foot   questions   of   religion�察  �and   accused   the 

Sadducees of impiety�察�and�察�following their example�察�the vilest ´ hypocrites�察�

stirred�察�as they pretended�察�by the same holy wrath which they called zeal 

for    the    Lord�察    �persecuted      men     whose      unblemished        character     and 

distinguished   virtue   had   excited   the   popular   hatred�察  �publicly   denounced 

their opinions�察�and inflamed the fierce passions of the people against them。 

     ��18��45�� This wanton licence being cloaked with the specious garb of 

religion     could   not   easily   be   repressed�察    �especially    when     the  sovereign 

authorities introduced a sect of which they�察�were not the head�察�they were 

then regarded not as interpreters of Divine right�察�but as sectarians ´ that is�察�

as persons recognizing the right of Divine interpretation assumed by the 

leaders of the sect。 ��46�� The authority of the magistrates thus became of 

little account in such matters in comparison with the authority of sectarian 

leaders before whose interpretations kings were obliged to bow。 



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     ��18��47�� To   avoid   such   evils   in   a state�察 �there  is   no   safer  way�察 �than   to 

make piety and religion to consist in acts only ´ that is�察�in the practice of 

justice and charity�察�leaving everyone's judgment in other respects free。 ��48�� 

But I will speak of this more at length presently。 

     ��18��3�А。�49�� III。 We see how necessary it is�察�both in the interests of the 

state and in the interests of religion�察�to confer on the sovereign power the 

right of deciding what is lawful or the reverse。 ��50�� If this right of judging 

actions could not be given to the very prophets of God without great injury�察�

to   the   state   and   religion�察  �how   much   less   should   it   be   entrusted   to   those 

who can neither foretell the future nor work miracles� 。�51�� But this again I 

will treat of more fully hereafter。 

     ��18��52��      IV。   Lastly�撮察   �we    see   how     disastrous     it  is  for   a   people 

unaccustomed to kings�察�and possessing a complete code of laws�察�to set up 

a monarchy。 ��53�� Neither can the subjects brook such a sway�察�nor the royal 

authority submit   to laws   and popular   rights set up by  anyone inferior to 

itself。 ��54�� Still less can a king be expected to defend such laws�察�for they 

were not framed to support his dominion�察�but the dominion of the people�察�

or   some   council   which   formerly   ruled�察  �so   that   in   guarding   the   popular 

rights the   king   would   seem  to   be   a   slave   rather   than   a   master。   ��55�� The 

representative of a new monarchy will employ all his zeal in attempting to 

frame new laws�察�so as to wrest the rights of dominion to his own use�察�and 

to reduce the people till they find it easier to increase than to curtail the 

royal prerogative。 ��56�� I must not�察�however�察�omit to state that it is no less 

dangerous to remove a monarch�察�though he is on all hands admitted to be a 

tyrant。 ��57�� For his people are accustomed to royal authority and will obey 

no other�察�despising and mocking at any less august control。 

     ��18��58�� It is therefore necessary�察�as the prophets discovered of old�察�if 

one king be removed�察�that he should be replaced by another�察�who will be a 

tyrant from necessity rather than choice。 ��59�� For how will he be able to 

endure the sight of the hands of the citizens reeking with royal blood�察�and 

to   rejoice   in   their   regicide   as   a   glorious   exploit�拭  。�60��   Was   not   the   deed 

perpetrated as an example and warning for himself�拭�

     ��18��61��   If   he   really   wishes   to   be   king�察  �and   not   to   acknowledge   the 

people   as   the   judge   of   kings   and   the   master   of   himself�察  �or   to   wield   a 



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precarious sway�察�he must avenge the death of his predecessor�察�making an 

example   for   his   own   sake�察  �lest   the   people   should   venture   to   repeat   a 

similar   crime。   ��62��   He   will   not�察  �however�察  �be   able   easily   to   avenge   the 

death of the tyrant by the slaughter of citizens unless he defends the cause 

of tyranny and approves the deeds of

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