theologico-political treatise p4(舞僥嚥屓嵶廨籾冩梢4)-及15嫗
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slain to the number of a hundred and twenty thousand�察 �two hundred
thousand of their wives and children were led into captivity�察�and a great
booty again seized。 ��30�� Worn out with these and similar battles set forth
at length in their histories�察�the Jews at length fell a prey to their enemies。
��18��31�� Furthermore�察 �if we reckon up the times during which peace
prevailed under each form of government�察 �we shall find a great
discrepancy。 ��32�� Before the monarchy forty years and more often passed�察�
and once eighty years ��an almost unparalleled period���察 �without any war�察�
foreign or civil。 ��33�� After the kings acquired sovereign power�察 �the
fighting was no longer for peace and liberty�察�but for glory�察�accordingly we
find that they all�察 �with the exception of Solomon ��whose virtue and
wisdom would be better displayed in peace than in war�� waged war�察�and
finally a fatal desire for power gained ground�察�which�察�in many cases�察�made
the path to the throne a bloody one。
��18��34�� Lastly�察 �the laws�察 �during the rule of the people�察 �remained
uncorrupted and were studiously observed。 ��35�� Before the monarchy
there were very�察 �few prophets to admonish the people�察 �but after the
establishment of kings there were a great number at the same time。 ��36��
Obadiah saved a hundred from death and hid them away�察�lest they should
be slain with the rest。 ��37�� The people�察�so far as we can see�察�were never
deceived by false prophets till after the power had been vested in kings�察�
whose creatures many of the prophets were。 ��38�� Again�察�the people�察�whose
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heart was generally proud or humble according to its circumstances�察�easily
corrected it´self under misfortune�察�turned again to God�察�restored His laws�察�
and so freed itself from all peril�察�but the kings�察�whose hearts were always
equally puffed up�察 �and who could not be corrected without humiliation�察�
clung pertinaciously to their vices�察�even till the last overthrow of the city。
��18��2�А。�39�� We may now clearly see from what I have said�此�
��40�� I。 How hurtful to religion and the state is the concession to
ministers of religion of any power of issuing decrees or transacting the
business of government�此 �how�察 �on the contrary�察 �far greater stability is
afforded�察 �if the said ministers are only allowed to give answers to
questions duly put to them�察 �and are�察 �as a rule�察 �obliged to preach and
practise the received and accepted doctrines。
��18��41�� II How dangerous it is to refer to Divine right matters merely
speculative and subject or liable to dispute。 ��42�� The most tyrannical
governments are those which make crimes of opinions�察�for everyone has
an inalienable right over his thoughts ´ nay�察�such a state of things leads to
the rule of popular passion。
��18��43�� Pontius Pilate made concession to the passion of the Pharisees
in consenting to the crucifixion of Christ�察�whom he knew to be innocent。
��44�� Again�察�the Pharisees�察�in order to shake the position of men richer than
themselves�察 �began to set on foot questions of religion�察 �and accused the
Sadducees of impiety�察�and�察�following their example�察�the vilest ´ hypocrites�察�
stirred�察�as they pretended�察�by the same holy wrath which they called zeal
for the Lord�察 �persecuted men whose unblemished character and
distinguished virtue had excited the popular hatred�察 �publicly denounced
their opinions�察�and inflamed the fierce passions of the people against them。
��18��45�� This wanton licence being cloaked with the specious garb of
religion could not easily be repressed�察 �especially when the sovereign
authorities introduced a sect of which they�察�were not the head�察�they were
then regarded not as interpreters of Divine right�察�but as sectarians ´ that is�察�
as persons recognizing the right of Divine interpretation assumed by the
leaders of the sect。 ��46�� The authority of the magistrates thus became of
little account in such matters in comparison with the authority of sectarian
leaders before whose interpretations kings were obliged to bow。
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��18��47�� To avoid such evils in a state�察 �there is no safer way�察 �than to
make piety and religion to consist in acts only ´ that is�察�in the practice of
justice and charity�察�leaving everyone's judgment in other respects free。 ��48��
But I will speak of this more at length presently。
��18��3�А。�49�� III。 We see how necessary it is�察�both in the interests of the
state and in the interests of religion�察�to confer on the sovereign power the
right of deciding what is lawful or the reverse。 ��50�� If this right of judging
actions could not be given to the very prophets of God without great injury�察�
to the state and religion�察 �how much less should it be entrusted to those
who can neither foretell the future nor work miracles� 。�51�� But this again I
will treat of more fully hereafter。
��18��52�� IV。 Lastly�撮察 �we see how disastrous it is for a people
unaccustomed to kings�察�and possessing a complete code of laws�察�to set up
a monarchy。 ��53�� Neither can the subjects brook such a sway�察�nor the royal
authority submit to laws and popular rights set up by anyone inferior to
itself。 ��54�� Still less can a king be expected to defend such laws�察�for they
were not framed to support his dominion�察�but the dominion of the people�察�
or some council which formerly ruled�察 �so that in guarding the popular
rights the king would seem to be a slave rather than a master。 ��55�� The
representative of a new monarchy will employ all his zeal in attempting to
frame new laws�察�so as to wrest the rights of dominion to his own use�察�and
to reduce the people till they find it easier to increase than to curtail the
royal prerogative。 ��56�� I must not�察�however�察�omit to state that it is no less
dangerous to remove a monarch�察�though he is on all hands admitted to be a
tyrant。 ��57�� For his people are accustomed to royal authority and will obey
no other�察�despising and mocking at any less august control。
��18��58�� It is therefore necessary�察�as the prophets discovered of old�察�if
one king be removed�察�that he should be replaced by another�察�who will be a
tyrant from necessity rather than choice。 ��59�� For how will he be able to
endure the sight of the hands of the citizens reeking with royal blood�察�and
to rejoice in their regicide as a glorious exploit�拭 。�60�� Was not the deed
perpetrated as an example and warning for himself�拭�
��18��61�� If he really wishes to be king�察 �and not to acknowledge the
people as the judge of kings and the master of himself�察 �or to wield a
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precarious sway�察�he must avenge the death of his predecessor�察�making an
example for his own sake�察 �lest the people should venture to repeat a
similar crime。 ��62�� He will not�察 �however�察 �be able easily to avenge the
death of the tyrant by the slaughter of citizens unless he defends the cause
of tyranny and approves the deeds of