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第13章

the ethics(part iv)-第13章

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from what was said on the subject of mercy and repentance。 I will only 



add that shame; like compassion; though not a virtue; is yet good; in so 



far as it shows; that the feeler of shame is really imbued with the 



desire to live honourably; in the same way as suffering is good; as 



showing that the injured part is not mortified。 Therefore; though a man 



who feels shame is sorrowful; he is yet more perfect than he; who is 



shameless; and has no desire to live honourably。







Such are the points which I undertook to remark upon concerning the 



emotions of pleasure and pain; as for the desires; they are good or bad 



according as they spring from good or evil emotions。 But all; in so far 



as they are engendered in us by; emotions wherein the mind is passive; 



are blind (as is evident from what was said in IV:xliv。Note); and would 



be useless; if men could easily; be induced to live by the guidance of 



reason only; as I will now briefly; show。















Prop。 LIX。 To all the actions; whereto we 



are determined by emotion wherein the mind 



is passive; we can be determined without 



emotion by reason。







Proof。… To act rationally; is nothing else (III:iii。 and III:Def。ii。) 



but to perform those actions; which follow from the necessity; of our 



nature {to persist} considered in itself alone。 But pain is bad; in so 



far as it diminishes or checks the power of action (IV:xli。); wherefore 



we cannot by pain be determined to any action; which we should be unable 



to perform under the guidance of reason。 Again; pleasure is bad only 



in so far as it hinders a man's capability for action (IV:xli。; IV:xliii。); 



therefore to this extent we could not be determined by; it to any action; 



which we could not perform under the guidance of reason。 Lastly; pleasure; 



in so far as it is good; is in harmony with reason (for it consists in the 



fact that a man's capability for action is increased or aided); nor is the 



mind passive therein; except in so far as a man's power of action is not 



increased to the extent of affording him an adequate conception of 



himself and his actions (III:iii。; &Note)。







Wherefore; if a man who is pleasurably affected be brought to such a 



state of perfection; that he gains an adequate conception of himself and 



his own actions; he will be equally; nay more; capable of those actions; 



to which he is determined by emotion wherein the mind is passive。 But all 



emotions are attributable to pleasure; to pain; or to desire (Def。 of the 



Emotions:iv。 explanation); and desire (Def。 of the Emotions:i。) is nothing 



else but the attempt to act; therefore; to all actions; &c。 Q。E。D。







Another Proof。… A given action is called bad; in so far as it arises 



from one being affected by hatred or any evil emotion。 But no action; 



considered in itself alone; is either good or bad (as we pointed out in 



the preface to Pt。 IV。); one and the same action being sometimes good; 



sometimes bad; wherefore to the action which is sometimes bad; or arises 



from some evil emotion; we may be led by reason (IV:xix。)。 Q。E。D。 







Note。… An example will put this point in a clearer light。 The action of 



striking; in so far as it is considered physically; and in so far as we 



merely look to the fact that a man raises his arm; clenches his fist; and 



moves his whole arm violently downwards; is a virtue or excellence which 



is conceived as proper to the structure of the human body。 If; then; a man; 



moved by anger or hatred; is led to clench his fist or to move his arm; 



this result takes place (as we showed in Pt。II。); because one and the 



same action can be associated with various mental images of things; 



therefore we may be determined to the performance of one and the same 



action by confused ideas; or by clear and distinct ideas。 Hence it is 



evident that every desire which springs from emotion; wherein the mind is 



passive; would become useless; if men could be guided by reason。 Let us 



now see why desire which arises from emotion; wherein the mind is passive; 



is called by us blind。















Prop。 LX。 Desire arising from a pleasure 



or pain; that is not attributable; to 



the whole body; but only to one or certain 



parts thereof; is without utility in 



respect to a man as a whole。







Proof。… Let it be assumed; for instance; that A; a part of a body; is so 



strengthened by some external cause; that it prevails over the remaining 



parts (IV:vi。)。 This part will not endeavour to do away with its own 



powers; in order that the other parts of the body may perform its office; 



for this it would be necessary for it to have a force or power of doing 



away with its own powers; which (III:vi。) is absurd。 The said part; and; 



consequently; the mind also; will endeavour to preserve its condition。 



Wherefore desire arising from a pleasure of the kind aforesaid has no 



utility in reference to a man as a whole。 If it be assumed; on the other 



hand; that the part; A; be checked so that the remaining parts prevail; 



it may be proved in the same manner that desire arising from pain has no 



utility in respect to a man as a whole。 Q。E。D。







Note。… As pleasure is generally (IV:xliv。Note) attributed to one part 



of the body; we generally desire to preserve our being with out taking 



into consideration our health as a whole: to which it may be added; that 



the desires which have most hold over us (IV:ix。) take account of the 



present and not of the future。















Prop。 LXI。 Desire which springs from 



reason cannot be excessive。







Proof。… Desire (Def。 of the Emotions:i。) considered absolutely is the 



actual essence of man; in so far as it is conceived as in any way 



determined to a particular activity by some given modification of itself。 



Hence desire; which arises from reason; that is (III:iii。); which is 



engendered in us in so far as we act; is the actual essence or nature of 



man; in so far as it is conceived as determined to such activities as are 



adequately conceived through man's essence only (III:Def。ii。)。 Now; if 



such desire could be excessive; human nature considered in itself alone 



would be able to exceed itself; or would be able to do more than it can; 



a manifest contradiction。 Therefore; such desire cannot be excessive。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 LXII。 In so far as the mind conceives 



a thing under the dictates of reason; it is 



affected equally; whether the idea be of a 



thing future; past; or present。







Proof。… Whatsoever the mind conceives under the guidance of reason; it 



conceives under the form of eternity or necessity (II:xliv。Coroll。ii。); 



and is therefore affected with the same certitude (II:xliii。&Note)。  



Wherefore; whether the thing be present; past; or future; the mind 



conceives it under the same necessity and is affected with the same 



certitude; and whether the idea be of something present; past; or future; 



it will in all cases be equally true (II:xli。); that is; it will always 



possess the same properties of an adequate idea (II:Def。iv。); therefore; in 



so far as the mind conceives things under the dictates of reason; it is 



affected in the same manner; whether the idea be of a thing future; past; 



or present。 Q。E。D。







Note。… If we could possess an adequate knowledge of the duration of things; 



and could determine by reason their periods of existence; we should 



contemplate things future with the same emotion as things present; and 



the mind would desire as though it were present the good which it 



conceived as future; consequently it would necessarily neglect a lesser 



good in the present for the sake of a greater good in the future; and 



would in no wise desire that which is good in the present but a source of 



evil i

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