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第14章

the ethics(part iv)-第14章

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good in the present for the sake of a greater good in the future; and 



would in no wise desire that which is good in the present but a source of 



evil in the future; as we shall presently show。 However; we can have but 



a very inadequate knowledge of the duration of things (II:xxxi。) and the 



periods of their existence (II:xliv。Note) we can only determine by 



imagination; which is not so powerfully affected by the future as by the 



present。 Hence such true knowledge of good and evil as we possess is 



merely abstract or general; and the judgment which we pass on the order 



of things and the connection of causes; with a view to determining what 



is good or bad for us in the; present; is rather imaginary than real。  



Therefore it is nothing wonderful; if the desire arising from such 



knowledge of good and evil; in so far as it looks on into the future; be 



more readily checked than the desire of things which are agreeable at the 



present time。 (Cf。 IV:xvi。)















Prop。 LXIII。 He who is led by fear; 



and does good in order to escape evil; 



is not led by reason。







Proof。… All the emotions which are attributable to the mind as active; 



or in other words to reason; are emotions of pleasure and desire (III:lix。); 



therefore; he who is led by fear; and does good in order to escape evil; 



is not led by reason。







Note。… Superstitions persons; who know better how to rail at vice than 



how to teach virtue; and who strive not to guide men by reason; but so 



to restrain them that they would rather escape evil than love virtue; 



have no other aim but to make others as wretched as themselves; wherefore 



it is nothing wonderful; if they be generally troublesome and odious to 



their fellow…men。







Corollary。… Under desire which springs from reason; we seek good directly; 



and shun evil indirectly。







Proof。… Desire which springs from reason can only spring from a pleasurable 



emotion; wherein the mind is not passive (III:lix。); in other words; from 



a pleasure which cannot be excessive (IV:lxi。); and not from pain; 



wherefore this desire springs from the knowledge of good; not of evil 



(IV:viii。); hence under the guidance of reason we seek good directly and 



only by implication shun evil。 Q。E。D。







Note。… This Corollary may be illustrated by the example of a sick and a 



healthy man。 The sick man through fear of death eats what he naturally 



shrinks from; but the healthy man takes pleasure in his food; and thus 



gets a better enjoyment out of life; than if he were in fear of death; 



and desired directly to avoid it。 So a judge; who condemns a criminal 



to death; not from hatred or anger but from love of the public 



well…being; is guided solely by reason。















Prop。 LXIV。 The knowledge of evil is 



an inadequate knowledge。







Proof。… The knowledge of evil (IV:viii。) is pain; in so far as we are 



conscious thereof。 Now pain is the transition to a lesser perfection 



(Def。 of the Emotions:iii。) and therefore cannot be understood through 



man's nature (III:vi。;& II:vii。); therefore it is a passive state 



(III。Def。ii。) which (III:iii。) depends on inadequate ideas; consequently 



the knowledge thereof (II:xxix。); namely; the knowledge of evil; is 



inadequate。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… Hence it follows that; if the human mind possessed only 



adequate ideas; it would form no conception of evil。















Prop。 LXV。 Under the guidance of reason we 



should pursue the greater of two goods and 



the lesser of two evils。







Proof。… A good which prevents our enjoyment of a greater good is in 



reality an evil; for we apply the terms good and bad to things; in so 



far as we compare them one with another (see preface to this Part); 



therefore; evil is in reality a lesser good; hence under the guidance of 



reason we seek or pursue only the greater good and the lesser evil。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… We may; under the guidance of reason; pursue the lesser evil 



as though it were the greater good; and we may shun the lesser good; 



which would be the cause of the greater evil。 For the evil; which is 



here called the lesser; is really good; and the lesser good is really 



evil; wherefore we may seek the former and shun the latter。 Q。E。D。















Prop。 LXVI。 We may; under the guidance of 



reason; seek a greater good in the future 



in preference to a lesser good in the 



present; and we may seek a lesser evil in 



the present in preference to a greater evil 



in the future。 



〃Maltim praesens minus prae majori futuro。〃 (Van Vloten)。  Bruder reads: 〃Malum praesens minus; quod



causa est faturi alicujus mali。〃 The last word of the latter is an obvious misprint; and is



corrected by the Dutch translator into 〃majoris boni。〃 (Pollock; p。 268; note。)







Proof。… If the mind could have an adequate knowledge of things future; 



it would be affected towards what is future in the same way as towards 



what is present (IV:lxii。); wherefore; looking merely to reason; as in 



this proposition we are assumed to do; there is no difference; whether 



the greater good or evil be assumed as present; or assumed as future; 



hence (IV:lxv。) we may seek a greater good in the future in preference 



to a lesser good in the present; &c。 Q。E。D。







Corollary。… We may; under the guidance of reason; seek a lesser evil in 



the present; because it is the cause of a greater good in the future; 



and we may shun a lesser good in the present; because it is the cause 



of a greater evil in the future。 This Corollary is related to the 



foregoing Proposition as the Corollary to IV:lxv。 is related to the 



said IV:lxv。







Note。… If these statements be compared with what we have pointed out 



concerning the strength of the emotions in this Part up to Prop。 xviii。; 



we shall readily see the difference between a man; who is led solely by 



emotion or opinion; and a man; who is led by reason。 The former; whether  



will or no; performs actions whereof he is utterly ignorant; the latter is 



his own master and only performs such actions; as he knows are of primary 



importance in life; and therefore chiefly; desires; wherefore I call the 



former a slave; and the latter a free man; concerning whose disposition 



and manner of life it will be well to make a few observations。















Prop。 LXVII。 A free man thinks of death 



least of all things; and his wisdom is 



a meditation not of death but of life。







Proof。… A free man is one who lives under the guidance of reason; who is 



not led by fear (IV:lxiii。); but who directly desires that which is good 



(IV:lxiii。Coroll。); in other words (IV:xxiv。); who strives to act; to live; 



and to preserve his being on the basis of seeking his own true advantage; 



wherefore such an one thinks of nothing less than of death; but his wisdom 



is a meditation of life。 Q。E。D















Prop。 LXVIII。 If men were born free; 



they would; so long as they remained free; 



form no conception of good and evil。







Proof。… I call free him who is led solely by reason; he; therefore; who 



is born free; and who remains free; has only adequate ideas; therefore 



(IV:lxiv。Coroll。) he has no conception of evil; or consequently (good 



and evil being correlative) of good。 Q。E。D。







Note。… It is evident; from IV:iv。; that the hypothesis of this Proposition 



is false and inconceivable; except in so far as we look solely to the 



nature of man; or rather to God; not in so far as the latter is infinite; 



but only in so far as he is the cause of man's existence。







This; and other matters which we have already proved; seem to have 



been signifieded by Moses in the history of the first man。 For in that 



narrative no other power of God is conceived; save that whe

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