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letters on literature(購噐猟僥)-及11嫗

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But the bust of Virgil was�察�I think�察�of white marble�察�not a cast ��so�察�at least�察�

I remember it���察�and was of a singular youthful purity and beauty�察�sharing 

my affections with a copy of the exquisite Psyche of Naples。                        It showed 

us that Virgil   who was  called ;The Maiden;   as Milton   was named   ;The 

Lady   of   Christ's。;     I   don't   know   the   archeology   of   it�察  �perhaps   it   was   a 

mere   work   of   modern   fancy�察  �but   the   charm   of   this   image�察  �beheld   daily�察�

overcame even the tedium of short scraps of the   ;AEneid; daily  parsed�察�

not without stripes and anguish。            So I retain a sentiment for Virgil�察�though 

I well perceive the many drawbacks of his poetry。 

     It is not always poetry at first hand�察�it is often imitative�察�like all Latin 

poetry�察  �of   the   Greek   songs   that   sounded   at   the   awakening   of   the   world。 

This is more tolerable when Theocritus is the model�察�as in the ;Eclogues�察─�

and   less   obvious   in   the   ;Georgics�察─  �when   the   poet   is   carried   away   into 

naturalness   by   the   passion   for   his   native   land�察  �by   the   longing   for   peace 

after cruel wars�察�by the joy of a country life。             Virgil had that love of rivers 

which�察�I think�察�a poet is rarely without�察�and it did not need Greece to teach 

him to sing of the fields�此�

        Propter aquam�察�tardis ingens ubi flexibus Mincius et tenera praetexit 

arundine ripas。 

        ;By  the   water´side�察  �where   mighty  Mincius   wanders�察  �with   links   and 

loops�察�and fringes all the banks with the tender reed。;                   Not the Muses of 

Greece�察�but his own Casmenae�察�song´maidens of Italy�察�have inspired him 

here�察  �and   his   music   is   blown   through   a   reed   of   the   Mincius。     In   many 

such places he shows a temper with which we of England�察�in our late age�察�

may closely sympathize。 

     Do you remember that mediaeval story of the building of Parthenope�察�

how it was based�察�by the Magician Virgilius�察�on an egg�察�and how the city 

shakes   when   the   frail   foundation   chances   to   be   stirred�拭       �This   too   vast 

empire of ours is as frail in its foundation�察�and trembles at a word。                      So it 



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was with the Empire of Rome in Virgil's time�此�civic revolution muttering 

within     it�察 �like  the  subterranean     thunder�察  �and   the   forces   of  destruction 

gathering     without。     In   Virgil�察 �as   in  Horace�察   �you   constantly   note    their 

anxiety�察  �their   apprehension   for   the   tottering   fabric   of   the   Roman   state。 

This it was�察�I think�察�and not the contemplation of human fortunes alone�察�

that lent Virgil his melancholy。          From these fears he looks for a shelter in 

the sylvan shades�察�he envies the ideal past of the golden world。 

       Aureus hanc vitam in terris Saturnus agebat� �

       ;Oh�察�for the fields�      �Oh�察�for Spercheius and Taygetus�察�where wander 

the Lacaenian maids�          �Oh�察�that one would carry me to the cool valleys of 

Haemus�察�and cover me with the wide shadow of the boughs� �Happy was 

he who came to know the causes of things�察�who set his foot on fear and on 

inexorable Fate�察�and far below him heard the roaring of the streams of Hell� �

And happy he who knows the rural deities�察�Pan�察�and Sylvanus the Old�察�and 

the sisterhood of the nymphs� �Unmoved is he by the people's favour�察�by 

the   purple   of   kings�察  �unmoved   by   all   the   perfidies   of   civil   war�察  �by   the 

Dacian marching down from his hostile Danube�察�by the peril of the Roman 

state�察�and the Empire hurrying to its doom。               He wasteth not his heart in 

pity   of   the   poor�察  �he   envieth   not   the   rich�察  �he   gathereth   what   fruits   the 

branches   bear   and   what   the   kindly   wilderness   unasked   brings   forth�察  �he 

knows not our laws�察�nor the madness of the courts�察�nor the records of the 

common weal;does not read the newspapers�察�in fact。 

     The sorrows of the poor�察�the luxury of the rich�察�the peril of the Empire�察�

the shame and dread of each day's news�察�we too know them�察�like Virgil we 

too    deplore    them。    We�察   �in  our   reveries�察  �long   for   some    such   careless 

paradise�察�but we place it not in Sparta but in the Islands of the Southern 

Seas。     It is in passages of this temper that Virgil wins us most�察�when he 

speaks for himself and for his age�察�so distant�察�and so weary�察�and so modern�察�

when his own thought�察�unborrowed and unforced�察�is wedded to the music 

of his own unsurpassable style。 

     But he does not always write for himself and out of his own thought�察�

that style of his being far more frequently misapplied�察�wasted on telling a 

story   that   is   only   of   feigned   and   foreign   interest。   Doubtless   it   was   the 

;AEneid�察─�his artificial and unfinished epic�察�that won Virgil the favour of 



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the Middle Aces。         To the Middle Ages�察�which knew not Greek�察�and knew 

not    Homer�察    �Virgil   was   the   representative     of  the   heroic   and    eternally 

interesting past。      But to us who know Homer�察�Virgil's epic is indeed�察 �like 

moonlight unto   sunlight�察─�is a   beautiful   empty  world�察 �where no   real   life 

stirs�察  �a   world   that   shines   with   a   silver   lustre   not   its   own�察  �but   borrowed 

from ;the sun of Greece。; 

     Homer sang of what he knew�察�of spears and ships�察�of heroic chiefs and 

beggar men�察�of hunts and sieges�察�of mountains where the lion roamed�察�and 

of fairy isles where a goddess walked alone。               He lived on the marches of 

the land of fable�察�when half the Mediterranean was a sea unsailed�察�when 

even Italy was as dimly descried as the City of the Sun in Elizabeth's reign。 

Of all that he knew he sang�察�but Virgil could only follow and imitate�察�with 

a pale antiquarian   interest�察�the things that   were alive  for Homer。                What 

could Virgil care for a tussle between two stout men´at´arms�察�for the clash 

of contending war´chariots�察�driven each on each�察�like wave against wave 

in the sea�拭     �All that tide had passed over�察�all the story of the ;AEneid; is 

mere borrowed antiquity�察�like the Middle Ages of Sir Walter Scott�察�but the 

borrower had none of Scott's joy in the noise and motion of war�察�none of 

the Homeric ;delight in battle。; 

     Virgil�察�in writing the ;AEneid�察─�executed an imperial commission�察�and 

an ungrateful commission�察�it is the sublime of hack´work�察�and the legend 

may   be   true   which   declares   that�察  �on   his   death´bed�察  �he   wished   his   poem 

burned。      He   could   only   be   himself   here   and   there�察  �as   in   that   earliest 

picture   of   romantic   love�察  �as   some   have   called   the   story   of   ;Dido�察─  �not 

remembering�察�perhaps�察�that even here Virgil had before his mind a Greek 

model�察  �that   he   was   thinking   of   Apollonius   Rhodius�察  �and   of   Jason   and 

Medea。        He    could    be    himself�察   �too�察  �in  passages     of   reflection    and 

description�察  �as   in   the   beautiful   sixth   book�察  �with   its   picture   of   the   under 

world�察�and its hints of mystical philosophy。 

     Could we choose our own heavens�察�there in that Elysian world might 

Virgil be well content to dwell�察�in the shadow of that fragrant laurel grove�察�

with them who were ;priests pure of life�察�while life was theirs�察�and holy 

singers�察�whose songs were worthy of Apollo。; There he might muse on his 

own religion and on the Divinity that dwells in�察�that breathes in�察�that is�察�all 



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