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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��



      Thus have I described to you�察�as particularly as I could�察�the 


      constitution of that commonwealth�察�which I do not only think the 


      best in the world�察�but indeed the only commonwealth that truly 


      deserves that name。 In all other places it is visible�察�that while 


      people talk of a commonwealth�察�every man only seeks his own 


      wealth�察�but there�察�where no man has any property�察�all men 


      zealously pursue the good of the public�此�and�察�indeed�察�it is no 


      wonder to see men act so differently�察�for in other commonwealths�察�


      every man knows that unless he provides for himself�察�how 


      flourishing soever the commonwealth may be�察�he must die of hunger�察�


      so that he sees the necessity of preferring his own concerns to 


      the public�察�but in Utopia�察�where every man has a right to 


      everything�察�they all know that if care is taken to keep the public 


      stores full�察�no private man can want anything�察�for among them 


      there is no unequal distribution�察�so that no man is poor�察�none in 


      necessity�察�and though no man has anything�察�yet they are all rich�察�


      for what can make a man so rich as to lead a serene and cheerful 


      life�察�free from anxieties�察�neither apprehending want himself�察�nor 


      vexed with the endless complaints of his wife�拭�He is not afraid of 


      the misery of his children�察�nor is he contriving how to raise a 


      portion for his daughters�察�but is secure in this�察�that both he and 


      his wife�察�his children and grandchildren�察�to as many generations 


      as he can fancy�察�will all live both plentifully and happily�察�since 


      among them there is no less care taken of those who were once 


      engaged in labor�察�but grow afterward unable to follow it�察�than 


      there is elsewhere of these that continue still employed。





      I would gladly hear any man compare the justice that is among them 


      with that of all other nations�察�among whom�察�may I perish�察�if I see 


      anything that looks either like justice or equity�此�for what 


      justice is there in this�察�that a nobleman�察�a goldsmith�察�a banker�察�


      or any other man�察�that either does nothing at all�察�or at best is 


      employed in things that are of no use to the public�察�should live 


      in great luxury and splendor�察�upon what is so ill acquired�察�and a 


      mean man�察�a carter�察�a smith�察�or a ploughman�察�that works harder 


      even than the beasts themselves�察�and is employed in labors so 


      necessary�察�that no commonwealth could hold out a year without 


      them�察�can only earn so poor a livelihood�察�and must lead so 


      miserable a life�察�that the condition of the beasts is much better 


      than theirs�拭�For as the beasts do not work so constantly�察�so they 


      feed almost as well�察�and with more pleasure�察�and have no anxiety 


      about what is to come�察�whilst these men are depressed by a barren 


      and fruitless employment�察�and tormented with the apprehensions of 


      want in their old age�察�since that which they get by their daily 


      labor does but maintain them at present�察�and is consumed as fast 


      as it comes in�察�there is no overplus left to lay up for old age。





      Is not that government both unjust and ungrateful�察�that is so 


      prodigal of its favors to those that are called gentlemen�察�or 


      goldsmiths�察�or such others who are idle�察�or live either by 


      flattery�察�or by contriving the arts of vain pleasure�察�and on the 


      other hand�察�takes no care of those of a meaner sort�察�such as 


      ploughmen�察�colliers�察�and smiths�察�without whom it could not 


      subsist�拭�But after the public has reaped all the advantage of 


      their service�察�and they come to be oppressed with age�察�sickness�察�


      and want�察�all their labors and the good they have done is 


      forgotten�察�and all the recompense given them is that they are left 


      to die in great misery。 The richer sort are often endeavoring to 


      bring the hire of laborers lower�察�not only by their fraudulent 


      practices�察�but by the laws which they procure to be made to that 


      effect�察�so that though it is a thing most unjust in itself�察�to 


      give such small rewards to those who deserve so well of the 


      public�察�yet they have given those hardships the name and color of 


      justice�察�by procuring laws to be made for regulating them。





      Therefore I must say that�察�as I hope for mercy�察�I can have no 


      other notion of all the other governments that I see or know�察�than 


      that they are a conspiracy of the rich�察�who on pretence of 


      managing the public only pursue their private ends�察�and devise all 


      the ways and arts they can find out�察�first�察�that they may�察�without 


      danger�察�preserve all that they have so ill acquired�察�and then that 


      they may engage the poor to toil and labor for them at as low 


      rates as possible�察�and oppress them as much as they please。 And if 


      they can but prevail to get these contrivances established by the 


      show of public authority�察�which is considered as the 


      representative of the whole people�察�then they are accounted laws。 


      Yet these wicked men after they have�察�by a most insatiable 


      covetousness�察�divided that among themselves with which all the 


      rest might have been well supplied�察�are far from that happiness 


      that is enjoyed among the Utopians�此�for the use as well as the 


      desire of money being extinguished�察�much anxiety and great 


      occasions of mischief is cut off with it。 And who does not see 


      that the frauds�察�thefts�察�robberies�察�quarrels�察�tumults�察�


      contentions�察�seditions�察�murders�察�treacheries�察�and witchcrafts�察�


      which are indeed rather punished than restrained by the severities 


      of law�察�would all fall off�察�if money were not any more valued by 


      the world�拭�Men's fears�察�solicitudes�察�cares�察�labors�察�and watchings�察�


      would all perish in the same moment with the value of money�此�even 


      poverty itself�察�for the relief of which money seems most 


      necessary�察�would fall。 But�察�in order to the apprehending this 


      aright�察�take one instance。





      Consider any year that has been so unfruitful that many thousands 


      have died of hunger�察�and yet if at the end of that year a survey 


      was made of the granaries of all the rich men that have hoarded up 


      the corn�察�it would be found that there was enough among them to 


      have prevented all that consumption of men that perished in 


      misery�察�and that if it had been distributed among them�察�none would 


      have felt the terrible effects of that scarcity�察�so easy a thing 


      would it be to supply all the necessities of life�察�if that blessed 


      thing called money�察�which is pretended to be invented for 


      procuring them�察�was not really the only thing that obstructed 


      their being procured��





      I do not doubt but rich men are sensible of this�察�and that they 


      well know how much a greater happiness it is to want nothing 


      necessary than to abound in many superfluities�察�and to be rescued 


      out of so much misery than to abound with so much wealth�察�and I 


      cannot think but the sense of every man's interest�察�added to the 


      authority of Christ's commands�察�who as He was infinitely wise�察�


      knew what was best�察�and was not less good in discovering it to us�察�


      would have drawn all the world over to the laws of the Utopians�察�


      if pride�察�that plague of human nature�察�that source of so much 


      misery�察�did not hinder it�察�for this vice does not measure 


      happiness so much by its own conveniences as by the miseries of 


      others�察�and would not be satisfied w

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