forty centuries of ink-第39章
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iodine vapor often affords evidence of chemical
treatment; and other methods of examination
readily suggest themselves。〃
M。 Piesse; in the Scientific American; is authority
for a method of removing ink; found on 〃patent〃
check paper:
〃Alternately wash the paper with a camel's…
hair brush dipped in a solution of cyanide of
potassium and oxalic acid; then when the ink has
disappeared wash the paper with pure water。〃
Inks of the tanno…gallate of iron family; whether
containing 〃added〃 color or not; can be more or less
〃erased〃 by chlorinate of lime or soda; in the
presence of a weak acid。 These chemicals do not;
however; materially affect the prussian blue inks;
which require solutions of hydrate of potash or soda。
Real indigo can be removed by chloroform; morphine
or an aniline salt (indigo and aniline both owe their
names to the same Portuguese source); which possess
the rare property of dissolving pure indigo。 Such
combination; if refractory in the presence of permanganate
of potash with sulphuric acid; must be followed
by an application of sulphurous acid。 In like
manner; inks composed of by…products of coal tar; can
be effectively treated; when irradicable with plain
water or soap and water。
The erasure and removal of most inks from paper
can be accomplished by the application of the chemicals
heretofore enumerated。 The requirements in
this direction of some inks; however; though of rare
occurrence; are to be met by the employment of other
and particular reagents。
Many of the tests specified in the Allen citation to
determine the character of ink constituents; if made
alone are practically valueless; because the same behavior
occurs with different materials employed in the
admixture of ink。 To avoid error in judgment the
operator should verify if possible by confirmatory
tests。 Thus; in the one for logwood; sulphurous acid
will cause a logwood ink mark to turn yellow; mercuric
chloride; orange; tartar…emetic; red; and if the
marks are faded ones; solutions of sulphate of iron
or bichromate of potash will restore them respectively
to a violet or blue…black color。
Prussian blue; aniline blue and indigo blue are to
be tested as follows: Solution of chloride of lime; no
change of color for prussian blue; decoloration or
faint yellow for aniline blue or indigo。 To discriminate
between the two latter; test with solution of
caustic soda; when decoloration or change of color
will indicate aniline blue and permanence will indicate
presence of indigo blue。
In the manufacture of the blue…black inks; a variety
of violets have been and are still employed。 Among
them are aniline violet; iodine violet; madder; alkanet;
orchil and logwood。
(a) Apply chloride of lime solution: 1。 No change
of color indicates alkanet。 2。 Any change; one of
the other five。
(b) Apply lemon juice: 1。 The violet becomes
brighter if it is one of the aniline violets; to be
distinguished from each other by applying one part of
hydrochloric acid to three parts of water; when it will
become violet…blue; changing to red if it is common
aniline…violet; but blue changing to a green hue and
upon adding plain water to a lilac or pearl gray if it
is iodine…violet (Hoffman's)。 It will also turn from
red to yellow in lemon juice。 To test for the other
three violets: (a) Apply chloride of lime; to be followed
by a solution of yellow prussiate of potash:
absence of a blue coloration leaves orchil and logwood
to be considered。 To distinguish between them apply
solution of hydrate of lime; whereby a change to
gray; followed by complete decoloration indicates logwood;
and a change to violet…blue; orchil。
The substances utilized with but few exceptions for
red ink are the 〃eosins;〃 possessing different names
like erythrosine; as well as different hues。 Antecedent
to about thirty…five years ago; cochineal (known
as 〃carmine〃); madder; Brazil wood and saffron formed
the basis of most of the red inks。
Make a soap solution adding a small quantity of
ammonia; lemon juice; muriate of tin; all in water:
1。 No change upon application indicates madder。
2。 Any change; the presence of one of the three other
reds: (a) thus a complete decoloration with a return
of the color indicates saffron; (b) reappearance of the
red color though weaker; aniline…red: (c) production
of a yellowish red or light yellow color; cochineal or
Brazil wood; to be distinguished from each other by
the application of concentrated sulphuric acid; when
Brazil wood will at once give a bright cherry…red; and
cochineal a yellowish orange。
No yellow inks are in commercial use。 Documents
do; however; often contain yellow marks about which
information is required as to their origin。 As a rule
they are iron rust; picric acid; turmeric; fustic; weld;
Persian berries or quercitron。 In order to recognize
the different colors; the presence or absence of iron
rust and picric acid must first be determined。
Apply a warm sample of a slightly acid solution of
yellow prussiate of potash; iron rust will be indicated
by a blue coloration。
Apply a weak solution of cyanide of potassium; picric
acid will yield a blood…red coloration。
If picric acid and iron rust are both absent; apply a
bit of ordinary wetted soap: 1。 It turns reddish…brown
and becomes yellow again with hydrochloric acid
turmeric; 2。 It turns quite darkfustic; 3。 It is
unaffectedweld; Persian berries or quercitron。 To
distinguish between these three; apply sulphuric acid;
the color of weld will disappear; and of the others
remaining apply tin…salt solution; when a change to
orange indicates Persian berries; and no change or a
very slight one; quercitron。
Inks containing also logwood; fustic; Brazil wood;
or madder; were all of them more or less employed
some years ago。 Their color phenomena; following
long periods of time; is much the same。 Tests as prescribed
in the accompanying table for such inks will
serve to classify them preliminary to subsequent and
more certain ones。
LOGWOOD。 FUSTIC。
Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid Red…yellow Red
Dilute 〃 〃 Reddish Yellow…Brown
Concentrated and dilute Nitric Acid Red Red…Yellow
〃 Sulphuric Acid 。 。 Black Dark Purple
Dilute 〃 〃 Red Brown Purple
Potassium Chromate 。 。 。 。 Black
Stannous Chloride Violet Yellow
Tartaric Acid 。 。 。 。 。 Gray…Brown Yellow
Sulphate of Copper 。 。 。 。 Dark Gray
Tannin 。 。 。 。 。 。 Yellow…Red Yellow
Potash Dark Red Yellow
Potassium Permanganate Light…Brown Yellow
〃 Iodide 。 。 。 。 。 Red…Yellow
Pyrogallic Acid 。 。 。 。 Yellow…Brown Yellow
Chrome…yellow 。 。 。 。 。 Dark Violet
Sodium (Salt) Violet Red
Sulphate of Iron Gray to Black
Alum 。 。 。 。 。 。 。 Violet Red;Brown。 Faint Red
BRAZIL WOOD。 MADDER。
Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid Light Red Pale Yellow
Dilute 〃 〃 Light Red Pale Yellow
Concentrated and dilute Nitric Acid Dark Purple Pale Yellow
〃 Sulphuric Acid 。 。 Red Pale Yellow
Dilute 〃 〃 Purple Pale Yellow
Potassium Chromate 。 。 。 。 … …
Stannous Chloride Light Red Light Red
Tartaric Acid 。 。 。 。 。 Red Yellow Pale Yellow
Sulphate of Copper 。 。 。 。 … …
Tannin 。 。 。 。 。 。 No Change Pale Yellow
Potash Crimson