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第39章

forty centuries of ink-第39章

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iodine vapor often affords evidence of chemical

treatment; and other methods of examination

readily suggest themselves。〃



M。 Piesse; in the Scientific American; is authority

for a method of removing ink; found on 〃patent〃

check paper:



〃Alternately wash the paper with a camel's…

hair brush dipped in a solution of cyanide of

potassium and oxalic acid; then when the ink has

disappeared wash the paper with pure water。〃



Inks of the tanno…gallate of iron family; whether

containing 〃added〃 color or not; can be more or less

〃erased〃 by chlorinate of lime or soda; in the

presence of a weak acid。 These chemicals do not;

however; materially affect the prussian blue inks;

which require solutions of hydrate of potash or soda。

Real indigo can be removed by chloroform; morphine

or an aniline salt (indigo and aniline both owe their

names to the same Portuguese source); which possess

the rare property of dissolving pure indigo。 Such

combination; if refractory in the presence of permanganate

of potash with sulphuric acid; must be followed

by an application of sulphurous acid。 In like

manner; inks composed of by…products of coal tar; can

be effectively treated; when irradicable with plain

water or soap and water。



The erasure and removal of most inks from paper

can be accomplished by the application of the chemicals

heretofore enumerated。 The requirements in

this direction of some inks; however; though of rare

occurrence; are to be met by the employment of other

and particular reagents。



Many of the tests specified in the Allen citation to

determine the character of ink constituents; if made

alone are practically valueless; because the same behavior

occurs with different materials employed in the

admixture of ink。 To avoid error in judgment the

operator should verify if possible by confirmatory

tests。 Thus; in the one for logwood; sulphurous acid

will cause a logwood ink mark to turn yellow; mercuric

chloride; orange; tartar…emetic; red; and if the

marks are faded ones; solutions of sulphate of iron

or bichromate of potash will restore them respectively

to a violet or blue…black color。



Prussian blue; aniline blue and indigo blue are to

be tested as follows: Solution of chloride of lime; no

change of color for prussian blue; decoloration or

faint yellow for aniline blue or indigo。 To discriminate

between the two latter; test with solution of

caustic soda; when decoloration or change of color

will indicate aniline blue and permanence will indicate

presence of indigo blue。



In the manufacture of the blue…black inks; a variety

of violets have been and are still employed。 Among

them are aniline violet; iodine violet; madder; alkanet;

orchil and logwood。



(a) Apply chloride of lime solution: 1。 No change

of color indicates alkanet。 2。 Any change; one of

the other five。



(b) Apply lemon juice: 1。 The violet becomes

brighter if it is one of the aniline violets; to be

distinguished from each other by applying one part of

hydrochloric acid to three parts of water; when it will

become violet…blue; changing to red if it is common

aniline…violet; but blue changing to a green hue and

upon adding plain water to a lilac or pearl gray if it

is iodine…violet (Hoffman's)。 It will also turn from

red to yellow in lemon juice。 To test for the other

three violets: (a) Apply chloride of lime; to be followed

by a solution of yellow prussiate of potash:

absence of a blue coloration leaves orchil and logwood

to be considered。 To distinguish between them apply

solution of hydrate of lime; whereby a change to

gray; followed by complete decoloration indicates logwood;

and a change to violet…blue; orchil。



The substances utilized with but few exceptions for

red ink are the 〃eosins;〃 possessing different names

like erythrosine; as well as different hues。 Antecedent

to about thirty…five years ago; cochineal (known

as 〃carmine〃); madder; Brazil wood and saffron formed

the basis of most of the red inks。



Make a soap solution adding a small quantity of

ammonia; lemon juice; muriate of tin; all in water:

1。 No change upon application indicates madder。

2。 Any change; the presence of one of the three other

reds: (a) thus a complete decoloration with a return

of the color indicates saffron; (b) reappearance of the

red color though weaker; aniline…red: (c) production

of a yellowish red or light yellow color; cochineal or

Brazil wood; to be distinguished from each other by

the application of concentrated sulphuric acid; when

Brazil wood will at once give a bright cherry…red; and

cochineal a yellowish orange。



No yellow inks are in commercial use。 Documents

do; however; often contain yellow marks about which

information is required as to their origin。 As a rule

they are iron rust; picric acid; turmeric; fustic; weld;

Persian berries or quercitron。 In order to recognize

the different colors; the presence or absence of iron

rust and picric acid must first be determined。



Apply a warm sample of a slightly acid solution of

yellow prussiate of potash; iron rust will be indicated

by a blue coloration。



Apply a weak solution of cyanide of potassium; picric

acid will yield a blood…red coloration。



If picric acid and iron rust are both absent; apply a

bit of ordinary wetted soap: 1。 It turns reddish…brown

and becomes yellow again with hydrochloric acid

turmeric; 2。 It turns quite darkfustic; 3。 It is

unaffectedweld; Persian berries or quercitron。 To

distinguish between these three; apply sulphuric acid;

the color of weld will disappear; and of the others

remaining apply tin…salt solution; when a change to

orange indicates Persian berries; and no change or a

very slight one; quercitron。



Inks containing also logwood; fustic; Brazil wood;

or madder; were all of them more or less employed

some years ago。 Their color phenomena; following

long periods of time; is much the same。 Tests as prescribed

in the accompanying table for such inks will

serve to classify them preliminary to subsequent and

more certain ones。







                                   LOGWOOD。         FUSTIC。



Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid      Red…yellow      Red

Dilute       〃             〃        Reddish         Yellow…Brown



Concentrated and dilute Nitric Acid Red             Red…Yellow

     〃   Sulphuric Acid 。 。         Black           Dark Purple

Dilute         〃   〃                Red  Brown      Purple

Potassium Chromate 。 。 。 。          Black

Stannous Chloride                   Violet          Yellow

Tartaric Acid 。 。 。 。 。             Gray…Brown      Yellow

Sulphate of Copper 。 。 。 。          Dark Gray

Tannin 。 。 。 。 。 。                  Yellow…Red      Yellow

Potash                              Dark Red        Yellow

Potassium Permanganate             Light…Brown      Yellow

    〃    Iodide 。 。 。 。 。          Red…Yellow

Pyrogallic Acid 。 。 。 。            Yellow…Brown     Yellow

Chrome…yellow 。 。 。 。 。            Dark Violet

Sodium (Salt)                      Violet           Red

Sulphate of Iron                   Gray to Black

Alum 。 。 。 。 。 。 。                Violet Red;Brown。 Faint Red



                                     BRAZIL WOOD。    MADDER。



Concentrated Hydrochloric Acid       Light Red      Pale Yellow

Dilute          〃          〃         Light Red      Pale Yellow



Concentrated and dilute Nitric Acid  Dark Purple    Pale Yellow

     〃   Sulphuric Acid 。 。          Red            Pale Yellow

Dilute         〃   〃                 Purple         Pale Yellow

Potassium Chromate 。 。 。 。            …               …

Stannous Chloride                    Light Red      Light Red

Tartaric Acid 。 。 。 。 。              Red Yellow     Pale Yellow

Sulphate of Copper 。 。 。 。            …               …

Tannin 。 。 。 。 。 。                   No Change      Pale Yellow

Potash                               Crimson     

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