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determination to purge; to bleed freely this Vendean question。〃 This

same Francastel wrote to General Grignon: 〃Make those brigands

tremble! Give them no quarter! The prisons in Vendée are overflowing

with prisoners! 。  。  。  The conversion of this country into a desert

must be completed。  Show no weakness and no mercy。  。  。  These are

the views of the Convention。  。  。  。  I swear that Vendée shall be

depopulated。〃



'39' Granier de Cassagnac; 〃His。  du Directoire;〃 II。; 241。  … (Letter

of General Hoche to the Minister of the Interior; Feb。  2; 1796。)

〃Only one out of five remains of the population of 1789。〃



'40' Campardon; II。; 247; 249; 251; 261; 321。  (Examination of

Fouquier…Tinville; Cambon's words。)



'41' Article by Guffroy; in his journal Le Rougiff: 〃Down with the

nobles; and so much the worse for the good ones; if there are any! Let

the guillotine stand permanently throughout the Republic。  Five

millions of inhabitants are enough for France!〃 … Berryat Saint…Prix;

445。  (Letter of Fauvety; Orange; Prairial 14; year II。) 〃We have but

two confined in our arrondissement。  What a trifle!〃 … Ibid。; 447。

(Letter of the Orange Committee to the Committee of Public Safety;

Messidor 3。) As soon as the Committee gets fully agoing it is to try

all the priests; rich merchants and ex…nobles。〃 … (Letter of Juge;

Messidor 2。) 〃Judging by appearances more than three thousand heads

will fall in the department。〃 … Ibid。; 311。  At Bordeaux; a huge

scaffold is put up; authorized by the Military Committee; with seven

doors; two of which are large and like barn…doors; called a four…

bladed guillotine; so as to work faster and do more。  The warrant and

orders for its construction bear date Thermidor 3 and 8; year II。  …

Berryat Saint…Prix; 285。  Letter of Representative Blutel; on mission

at Rochefort; after Thermidor: 〃A few men; sunk in debauchery and

crime; dared proscribe (here) virtues; patriotism; because it was not

associated with their sanguinary excitement: the tree of Liberty; they

said; required for its roots ten feet of human gore。〃



'42' 〃Recueil de Pièces Authentiques; concernant le Revolution à

Strasbourg;〃 I。; 174; 178。  Examples of revolutionary taxes。  … Orders

of Representatives Milhaud; Ruamps; Guyadin; approving of the

following contributions; Brumaire 20; year II。



On 3 individuals of Stutzheim。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。150;000 livres。

 〃 3    〃           Offenheim。。。。。  。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。30;000  〃

 〃21   〃            Molsheim 。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。367;000  〃

 〃 17   〃           Oberenheim。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。402;000  〃

 〃 84   〃           Rosheim。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。503;000  〃

 〃 10   〃           Mutzig。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。。114;000  〃



  Another order by Daum and Tisseraud; members of the committee who

temporarily replace the district administrators: 〃Whereas; it is owing

to the county aristocrats that the Republic supports the war;〃 they

approve of the following taxes:



On the aristocrats of Geispolzheim;              400;000 livres。

         ditto     of Obersch?ffolsheim          200;000 〃

         ditto     of  Düttlenheim               150;000 〃

         ditto     of  Duppigheim                100;000 〃

         ditto     of  Achenheim                 100;000 〃



List of contributions raised in the rural communes of the district of

Strasbourg; according to an assessment made by Stamm; procureur pro

tem。  of the district; amounting to three millions one hundred and

ninety…six thousand one hundred livres。



'43' 〃Recueil des Pieces Authentiques;〃 etc。; I。; 23。  By order of the

representatives under date of Brumaire 25; year II。  〃The municipality

of Strasbourg stripped the whole commune of shoes in twenty…four

hours; sending for them from house to house。〃 … Ibid。。  p。32。  Orders

of Representatives Lemaire and Baudot; Frimaire I; year II。; declaring

that kitchen…utensils; boilers; sauce…pans; stew…pans; kettles and

other copper and lead vessels; as well as copper and lead not worked…

up; found at Strasbourg and in the departments; be levied on。〃 …

Archives Nationales; AF。; I。; 92。  (Orders of Taillefer; Brumaire 3;

year II。  Villefranche 1'Avergnon。) Formation of a Committee of ten

persons directed to make domiciliary visits; and authorized to take

possession of all the iron; lead; steel and copper found in the houses

of 〃suspects;〃 all of which kitchen utensils; are to be turned into

cannon。  … Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 15。



'44' Moniteur; XXV。; 188。  (Speech by Blutels; July 9; 1795。)



'45' 〃Recueil du Pièces Authentiques;〃 etc。; I。; 24。  … Grégoire;

reports on Vandalism; Fructidor 14; year II。; and Brumaire 14; year

III。  (Moniteur; XXII。; 86 and 751。) … Ibid。; Letter of December 24;

1796: 〃Not millions; but billions have been destroyed。〃 … Ibid。;;

〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 334: 〃It is incalculable; the loss of religious;

scientific and literary objects。  The district administrations of

Blanc (Indre) notified me that to ensure the preservation of a

library; they had the books put in casks。〃 … Four hundred thousand

francs were expended in smashing statues of the Fathers of the church;

forming a circle around the dome of the Invalides。  … A great many

objects became worthless through a cessation of their use: for

example; the cathedral of Meaux was put up at auction and found no

purchaser at six hundred francs。  The materials were valued at forty…

five thousand francs; but labor (for taking it down) was too high。

(Narrative by an inhabitant of Meaux。)



'46' Les Origines du Système Financier Actuel;〃 by Eugene Sturm; p。53;

79。



'47' Meissner; 〃Voyage à Paris;〃 (end of 1795); p。  65。  〃The class of

those who may have really gained by the Revolution。。。。  is composed of

brokers; army contractors; and their subordinates; a few government

agents and fermiers; enriching themselves by their new acquisitions;

and who are cool and shrewd enough to hide their grain; bury their

gold and steadily refuse assignats。〃 … Ibid。; 68; 70。  〃 On the road;

he asks to whom a fine chateau belongs; and they tell him with a

significant look; 'to a former scruffy wretch。' … 'Oh; monsieur;' said

the landlady at Vesoul; 'for every one that the Revolution has made

rich; you may be sure that it has made a thousand poor。'〃



'48' The following descriptions and appreciations are the fruit of

extensive investigation; scarcely one tenth of the facts and texts

that have been of service being cited。  I must refer the reader;

accordingly; to the series of printed and written documents of which I

have made mention in this and the three preceding volumes。



'49' 〃The Ancient Regime;〃 book II。; ch 2; § IV。



'50' Ibid。; book IV。; chs。  I。; II。; III。



'51' Lacretelle; 〃Histoire de France au 18eme Siecle;〃 V。; 2。  … …〃

The Ancient Regime;〃 pp。  163; 300。



'52' Morellet; 〃Mémoires;〃 I。; 166。  (Letter by R?derer to Beccaria's

daughter; May 20; 1797)。



'53' Beccaria (Cesare Bonesana; marquis de) (Milan 1738 … id。  1794)。

Italian jurist; whose 〃Traité des délits et des peines (1764)

contributed to the reforms and the softening of of European penal law。

(SR)



'54' Mallet…Dupan; 〃Mémoires;〃 II。; 493。  〃While the Duke of Orleans

was undergoing his examination he read a newspaper。〃 … Ibid。; 497。

〃Nobody died with more firmness; spirit and dignity than the Duke of

Orleans。  He again became a royal prince。  On being asked in the

revolutionary tribunal whether he had any defense to make; he replied;

'Rather die to…day than to…morrow: deliberate about it。'〃 His request

was granted。  … The Duc de Biron refused to escape; considering that;

in such a dilemma; it was not worth while。  〃He passed his time in

bed; drinking Bordeaux wine。  。  。  。  Before the tribunal; they asked

his name and he replied; 'Cabbage; turnip; Biron; as you like; one is

as good as the other。' 'How!' exclaimed the judges; 'you are

insolent!' 'And you … you are windbags! I Come to the 

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