the origins of contemporary france-4-第124章

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as　good　as　the　other。'　'How！'　exclaimed　the　judges；　'you　are

insolent！'　'And　you　…　you　are　windbags！　I　Come　to　the　point；

Guillotine；　that　is　all　you　have　to　say；　while　I　have　nothing　to

say。'〃　Meanwhile　they　proceeded　to　interrogate　him　on　his　pretended

treachery　in　Vendée；　etc。　　〃'You　do　not　know　what　you　are　talking

about！　You　ignoramuses　know　nothing　about　war！　Stop　your　questions。　　I

reported　at　the　time　to　the　Committee　of　Public　Safety；　which　approved

of　my　conduct。　　Now；　it　has　changed　and　ordered　you　to　take　my　life。

Obey；　and　lose　no　more　time。'　Biron　asked　pardon　of　God　and　the　King。

Never　did　he　appear　better　than　on　the　（executioner's）　cart。〃



＇55＇　Morellet；　II。；　31。…〃Mémoires　de　la　Duchesse　de　Tourzel；〃　〃de

Mlle。　　des　écherolles；〃　etc。…Beugnot；　〃Mémoires；　I。；　200…203。　　〃The

wittiest　remarks；　the　most　delicate　allusions；　the　most　brilliant

repartees　were　exchanged　on　each　side　of　the　grating。　　The

conversation　was　general；　without　any　subject　being　dwelt　on。　　There；

misfortune　was　treated　as　if　it　were　a　bad　child　to　be　laughed　at；

and；　in　fact；　they　did　openly　make　sport　of　Marat's　divinity；

Robespierre's　sacerdoce　and　the　magistracy　of　Fouquier。　　They　seemed

to　say　to　all　these　bloody　menials：　'You　may　slaughter　us　when　you

please；　but　you　cannot　hinder　us　in　being　aimable'〃…Archives

Nationales；　F。7；　31167。　　（Report　by　the　watchman；　Charmont；　Niv？se　29；

year　II。）　〃The　people　attending　the　executions　are　very　much　surprised

at　the　firmness　and　courage　they　show　（sic）　on　mounting　the　scaffold。

They　say　that　it　looks　（sic）　like　going　to　a　wedding。　　People　cannot

get　used　to　it；　some　declaring　that　it　is　supernatural。〃



＇56＇　Sauzay；　I。。　　introduction。　　…　De　Tocqueville；　〃L'Ancien　Regime　et

la　Revolution；〃　166。　　〃I　have　patiently　read　most　of　the　reports　and

debates　of　the　provincial　états；'　and　especially　those　of　Languedoc；

where　the　clergy　took　much　greater　part　than　elsewhere　in

administrative　details；　as　well　as　the　procès…verbaux　of　the

provincial　assemblies　between　1779　and　1787；　and；　entering　on　the

study　with　the　ideas　of　my　time；　I　was　surprised　to　find　bishops　and

abbés；　among　whom　were　several　as　eminent　for　their　piety　as　their

learning；　drawing　up　reports　on　roads　and　canals；　treating　such

matters　with　perfect　knowledge　of　the　facts；　discussing　with　the

greatest　ability　and　intelligence　the　best　means　for　increasing

agricultural　products；　for　ensuring　the　well…being　of　the　people　and

the　property　of　industrial　enterprises；　oftentimes　much　better　than

the　laymen　who　were　interested　with　them　in　the　same　affairs。〃



＇57＇　〃The　Ancient　Regime；〃　p。300。　　…　〃　The　Revolution；〃　vol。　　I。；　p。

116。　　？？Buchez　et　Roux；　I。；　481。　　The　list　of　notables　convoked　by　the

King　in　1787　gives　an　approximate　idea　of　this　social　staff。　　Besides

the　leading　princes　and　seigniors　we　find；　among　one　hundred　and

thirty…four　members；　twelve　marshals　of　France；　eight　Councillors　of

State；　five　ma？tres　de　requêtes；　fourteen　bishops　and　archbishops；

twenty　presidents　and　seventeen　procureurs　géneraux　des　parlements；　or

of　royal　councils；　twenty…five　mayors；　prév？ts　des　marchands；

capitouls；　and　equerries　of　large　towns；　the　deputies　of　the　〃Etats〃

of　Burgundy；　Artois；　Brittany　and　Languedoc；　three　ministers　and　two

chief　clerks。　　…　The　capacities　were　all　there；　on　hand；　for　bringing

about　a　great　reform；　but　there　was　no　firm；　strong；　controlling　hand；

that　of　a　Richelieu　or　Frederic　II。



＇58＇　See　〃The　Revolution　II〃　Ed。　Lafont　page　617。　US　ediction　P。　　69。

（SR。）



＇59＇　〃Mémoires　de　Gaudin；〃　duc　de　Ga？te。



＇60＇　Mallet…Dupan；　〃Mémoires；〃　II。；　25；　24。　　〃The　War　Committee　is

composed　of　engineer　and　staff…officers；　of　which　the　principal　are

Meussuer；　Favart；　St。　　Fief；　d'Arcon；　LafitteClavé　and　a　few　others。

D'Arcon　directed　the　raising　of　the　siege　of　Dunkirk　and　that　of

Maubenge。　　。　　。　　。　　These　officers　were　selected　with　discernment；

they　planned　and　carried　out　the　operations；　aided　by　immense

resources；　in　the　shape　of　maps；　plans　and　reconnaissances　preserved

in　the　war　department；　they　really　operated　according　to　the

experience　and　intelligence　of　the　great　generals　under　the　monarchy。〃



＇61＇　Miot　de　Melito；　〃Mémoires；〃　I。；　47。　　…　Andre　Michel；

〃Correspondance　de　MalletDupan　avec　la　Cour　de　Vienne；〃　I。；　26。

（January　3；　1795。）　〃The　Convention　feels　so　strongly　the　need　of

suitable　aids　to　support　the　burden　of　its　embarrassments　as　to　now

seek　for　them　among　pronounced　royalists。　　For　instance；　it　has　just

offered　the　direction　of　the　royal　treasury　to　M。　Dufresne；　former

chief　of　the　department　under　the　reign　of　the　late　King；　and　retired

since　1790。　　It　is　the　same　spirit　and　making　a　still　more

extraordinary　selection；　which　leads　them　to　appoint　M。　Gerard　de

Rayneval　to　the　Commissariat　of　Foreign　Affairs；　chief…clerk　of

correspondence　since　the　ministry　of　the　Duc　de　Choiseul　until　that　of

the　Comte　de　Montmorin　inclusive。　　He　is　a　man　of　decided　opinions　and

an　equally　decided　character；　in　1790　I　saw　him　abandon　the　department

through　aversion　to　the　maxims　which　the　Revolution　had　forcibly

introduced　into　it。



＇62＇　Marshal　Marmont；　〃Mémoires。〃　At　nine　years　of　age　he　rode　on

horseback　and　hunted　daily　with　his　father。



＇63＇　Among　other　manuscript　documents；　a　letter　of　M。　Symn　de

Carneville；　March　II；　1781。　　（On　the　families　of　Carneville　and

Montmorin…Saint…Herem；　in　1789。）　The　latter　family　remains　in　France；

two　of　its　members　are　massacred；　two　executed；　a　fifth　〃escaped　the

scaffold　by　forestalling　the　justice　of　the　people；〃　the　sixth；

enlisted　in　the　revolutionary　armies；　received　a　shot　at　nineteen

years　of　age　which　made　him　blind。　　The　other　family　emigrated；　and

its　chiefs；　the　count　and　viscount　Carneville　commanded；　one；　a　free

company　in　the　Austrian　service；　and　the　other；　a　regiment　of　hussars

in　Conde's　army。　　Twelve　officers　of　these　two　corps　were　brothers…in…

law；　nephews；　first…cousins　and　cousins　of　the　two　commanders；　the

first　of　whom　entered　the　service　at　fifteen；　and　the　second　at

eleven。　　…　Cf。　　〃Mémoires　du　Prince　de　Ligne。〃　At　seven　or　eight　years

of　age　I　had　already　witnessed　the　din　of　battle；　I　had　been　in　a

besieged　town；　and　saw　three　sieges　from　a　window。　　A　little　older；　I

was　surrounded　by　soldiers；　old　retired　officers　belonging　to　various

services；　and　living　in　the　neighborhood　fed　my　passion。…　Turenne　said

〃I　slept　on　a　gun…carriage　at　the　age　of　ten。　　My　taste　for　war　was　so

great　as　to　lead　me　to　enlist　with　a　captain　of　the　'Royal　Vaissiaux；'

in　garrison　two　leagues　off。　　If　war　had　been　declared　I　would　have

gone　off　and　let　nobody　know　it。　　I　joined　his　company；　determined　not

to　owe　my　fortune　to　any　but　valorous　actions。〃　…　Cf。　　also　〃Mémoires

du　Maréchal　de　Saxe。〃　A　soldier　at　twelve；　in　the　Saxon　legion；

shouldering　his　musket；　and　marching　with　the　rest；　he　completed　each

stage　on　foot　from　Saxony　to　Flanders；　and　before　he　was　thirteen　took

part　in　the　battle　of　Malplaquet。



＇64＇　Alexandrine　des　Echerolles；　〃Un　Famille　Noble　sous　la　Terreur；〃

p。25。　　…　Cf。　　〃Correspondance　de　Madelle　de　Féring；〃　by　Honore

Bonhomme。　　The　two　sisters；　one　sixteen　and　the　other　thirteen；

disguised　as　men；　fought　with　their　father　in　Dumouriez'　army。　　…　See

the　sentiment　of　young　nobles　in　the　works　of　Berquin　and　Marmontel。

（Les　Rivaux　d'　Eux…meme。）



＇65＇　〃　The　Revolution；〃　I。；　158；　325。　　Ibid。；　the　affair　of　M。　de

Bussy；　306；　the　affair　of　the　eighty…two　gentlemen　of　Caen；　316。　　…

See　in　Rivarol　（〃Journal　Politique　Nationale〃）　details　of　the

admirable　conduct　of　the　Body…guards　at　Versailles；　Oct。　　5　and　6；

1789。



＇66＇　The　noble　families　under　the　ancient　regime　may　be　characterized

as　so　many　families　of　soldiers'　children。



＇67＇　〃L'Ancien　Régime　et　la　Revolution；〃　by　M。　de　Tocqueville；　p。169。

My　judgment；　likewise　based　on　the　study　of　texts；　and　especially

manuscript　texts；