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the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延)-及48嫗

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patient has paid the inevitable tribute to death。;��39�А�

     ��39�А  �Withington�此  �Medical   History   from   the   Earliest   Times�察  �London�察�

1894�察�pp。 312´313。 

       Glauber�察�Willis�察�Mayow�察�Lemery�察�Agricola and Stahl led up to Robert 

Boyle�察�with whom modern chemistry may be said to begin。 Even as late as 

1716�察    �Lady     Mary     Wortley     Montagu      in  Vienna     found     that  all  had 



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                        THE EVOLUTION OF MODERN MEDICINE 



transferred their superstitions from religion to chemistry�察 �scarcely a man 

of   opulence  or   fashion   that has   not   an   alchemist   in   his service。; To   one 

scientific man of the period I must refer as the author of the first scientific 

book published in England。 Dryden sings�此�

       Gilbert shall live till load´stones cease to draw Or British fleets the 

boundless ocean awe。 

     And     the  verse   is  true�察 �for  by  the   publication    in  1600    of  the  ;De 

Magnete;   the   science   of   electricity   was   founded。  William   Gilbert   was   a 

fine type of the sixteenth´century physician�察�a Colchester man�察�educated at 

St。   John's   College�察  �Cambridge。   Silvanus   Thompson   says�此   �He   is   beyond 

question rightfully regarded as the Father of Electric Science。 He founded 

the    entire   subject    of  Terrestrial    Magnetism。      He    also   made     notable 

contributions      to  Astronomy�察     �being    the   earliest  English     expounder     of 

Copernicus。       In   an   age   given    over   to   metaphysical      obscurities    and 

dogmatic      sophistry�察   �he   cultivated    the   method     of  experiment      and   of 

reasoning   from   observation�察  �with   an   insight   and   success   which   entitles 

him to be regarded as the father of the inductive method。 That method�察�so 

often accredited to Bacon�察�Gilbert was practicing years before him。;��40�А�

     ��40�А�Silvanus P。 Thompson�此�Gilbert of Colchester�察�Father of Electrical 

Science�察�London�察�Chiswick Press�察�1903�察�p。 3。 



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                                CHAPTER V 



       THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MEDICINE 

     THE middle of the seventeenth century saw the profession thus far on 

its   waycertain     objective    features    of  disease   were    known�察    �the  art  of 

careful   observation   had   been   cultivated�察  �many   empirical   remedies   had 

been     discovered�察    �the  coarser    structure   of   man's    body    had   been   well 

worked   out�察  �and   a   good   beginning   had   been   made   in   the   knowledge   of 

how     the   machinery      workednothing       more。    What     disease   really   was�察�

where   it   was�察  �how   it   was   caused�察  �had   not   even   begun   to   be   discussed 

intelligently。 

     An empirical discovery of the first importance marks the middle of the 

century。 The story of cinchona is of special interest�察�as it was the first great 

specific in disease to be discovered。 In 1638�察�the wife of the Viceroy of 

Peru�察  �the   Countess   of   Chinchon�察  �lay   sick   of   an   intermittent   fever   in   the 

Palace   of   Lima。 A  friend   of   her   husband's�察  �who   had   become   acquainted 

with the virtues�察�in fever�察�of the bark of a certain tree�察�sent a parcel of it to 

the Viceroy�察�and the remedy administered by her physician�察�Don Juan del 

Vego�察  �rapidly   effected   a   cure。   In   1640�察  �the   Countess   returned   to   Spain�察�

bringing   with   her   a   supply   of   quina   bark�察  �which   thus   became   known   in 

Europe as ;the Countess's Powder; ��pulvis Comitissae��。 A little later�察�her 

doctor   followed�察  �bringing   additional   quantities。   Later   in   the   century�察  �the 

Jesuit Fathers sent parcels of the bark to Rome�察�whence it was distributed 

to the priests of the community and used for the cure of ague�察�hence the 

name of ;Jesuits' bark。; Its value was early recognized by Sydenham and 

by Locke。 At first there was a great deal of opposition�察�and the Protestants 

did not like it because of its introduction by the Jesuits。 The famous quack�察�

Robert Talbor�察�sold the secret of preparing quinquina to Louis XIV in 1679 

for two thousand louis d'or�察�a pension and a title。 That the profession was 

divided in opinion on the subject was probably due to sophistication�察�or to 

the  importation   of   other   and   inert   barks。   It   was   well   into   the   eighteenth 

century before its virtues were universally acknowledged。 The tree itself 

was     not   described     until   1738�察   �and   Linnaeus      established     the   genus 

;Chinchona; in honor of the Countess。��1�А�



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     ��1�А�Clements R。 Markham�此�Peruvian Bark�察�John Murray�察�London�察�1880�察�

Memoir   of   the   Lady Anna   di   Osoria�察  �Countess   of   Chinchona   and   Vice´ 

Queen of Peru�察�1874。 

       A   step    in  advance      followed     the   objective     study    of  the   changes 

wrought   in   the   body   by   disease。   To   a   few   of   these   the   anatomists   had 

already      called   attention。     Vesalius�察   �always     keen     in  his   description     of 

aberrations   from   the   normal�察  �was   one   of   the   first   to   describe   internal 

aneurysm。 The truth is�察�even the best of men had little or no appreciation 

of the importance of the study of these changes。 Sydenham scoffs at the 

value of post´mortems。 

     Again we have to go back to Italy for the beginning of these studies�察�

this time to Florence�察�in the glorious days of Lorenzo the Magnificent。 The 

pioneer      now     is  not   a   professor     but   a   general    practitioner�察    �Antonio 

Benivieni�察  �of   whom   we   know   very   little   save   that   he   was   a   friend   of 

Marsilio Ficino and of Angelo Poliziano�察�and that he practiced in Florence 

during   the   last   third   of   the   fifteenth   century�察  �dying      in   1502。   Through 

associations   with   the   scholars   of   the   day。   he   had   become   a   student   of 

Greek medicine   and he   was not only  a shrewd   and accurate observer of 

nature   but   a   bold   and   successful   practitioner。   He   had   formed   the   good 

habit of making brief notes of his more important cases�察�and after his death 

these   were   found   by   his   brother   Jerome   and   published   in   1507。��2�А  �This 

book   has   a   rare   value   as   the   record   of   the   experience   of   an   unusually 

intelligent   practitioner   of   the   period。   There   are   in   all   111   observations�察�

most of them commendably brief。 The only one of any length deals with 

the   new   ;Morbus   Gallicus�察─  �of   which�察  �in   the   short   period   between   its 

appearance   and   Benivieni's   death�察  �he   had   seen   enough   to   leave   a   very 

accurate description�察�and it is interesting to note that even in those early 

days     mercury      was    employed      for   its  cure。   The    surgical     cases   are   of 

exceptional interest�察  �and   No。   38   refers   to   a   case   of   angina   for   which   he 

performed        a  successful     operation。     This    is  supposed       to  have    been    a 

tracheotomy�察  �and   if   so�察  �it   is   the   first   in   the   fourteen   centuries   that   had 

elapsed   since   the   days   of   Antyllus。��3�А  �There   are   other   important   cases 

which show that he was a dexterous and fearless surgeon。 But the special 

interest of the work for us is that�察�for the first time in modern literature�察�we 



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have reports

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