the evolution of modern medicine(�峇�匳勞議處延)-及48嫗
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patient has paid the inevitable tribute to death。;��39�А�
��39�А �Withington�此 �Medical History from the Earliest Times�察 �London�察�
1894�察�pp。 312´313。
Glauber�察�Willis�察�Mayow�察�Lemery�察�Agricola and Stahl led up to Robert
Boyle�察�with whom modern chemistry may be said to begin。 Even as late as
1716�察 �Lady Mary Wortley Montagu in Vienna found that all had
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transferred their superstitions from religion to chemistry�察 �scarcely a man
of opulence or fashion that has not an alchemist in his service。; To one
scientific man of the period I must refer as the author of the first scientific
book published in England。 Dryden sings�此�
Gilbert shall live till load´stones cease to draw Or British fleets the
boundless ocean awe。
And the verse is true�察 �for by the publication in 1600 of the ;De
Magnete; the science of electricity was founded。 William Gilbert was a
fine type of the sixteenth´century physician�察�a Colchester man�察�educated at
St。 John's College�察 �Cambridge。 Silvanus Thompson says�此 �He is beyond
question rightfully regarded as the Father of Electric Science。 He founded
the entire subject of Terrestrial Magnetism。 He also made notable
contributions to Astronomy�察 �being the earliest English expounder of
Copernicus。 In an age given over to metaphysical obscurities and
dogmatic sophistry�察 �he cultivated the method of experiment and of
reasoning from observation�察 �with an insight and success which entitles
him to be regarded as the father of the inductive method。 That method�察�so
often accredited to Bacon�察�Gilbert was practicing years before him。;��40�А�
��40�А�Silvanus P。 Thompson�此�Gilbert of Colchester�察�Father of Electrical
Science�察�London�察�Chiswick Press�察�1903�察�p。 3。
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CHAPTER V
THE RISE AND DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN MEDICINE
THE middle of the seventeenth century saw the profession thus far on
its waycertain objective features of disease were known�察 �the art of
careful observation had been cultivated�察 �many empirical remedies had
been discovered�察 �the coarser structure of man's body had been well
worked out�察 �and a good beginning had been made in the knowledge of
how the machinery workednothing more。 What disease really was�察�
where it was�察 �how it was caused�察 �had not even begun to be discussed
intelligently。
An empirical discovery of the first importance marks the middle of the
century。 The story of cinchona is of special interest�察�as it was the first great
specific in disease to be discovered。 In 1638�察�the wife of the Viceroy of
Peru�察 �the Countess of Chinchon�察 �lay sick of an intermittent fever in the
Palace of Lima。 A friend of her husband's�察 �who had become acquainted
with the virtues�察�in fever�察�of the bark of a certain tree�察�sent a parcel of it to
the Viceroy�察�and the remedy administered by her physician�察�Don Juan del
Vego�察 �rapidly effected a cure。 In 1640�察 �the Countess returned to Spain�察�
bringing with her a supply of quina bark�察 �which thus became known in
Europe as ;the Countess's Powder; ��pulvis Comitissae��。 A little later�察�her
doctor followed�察 �bringing additional quantities。 Later in the century�察 �the
Jesuit Fathers sent parcels of the bark to Rome�察�whence it was distributed
to the priests of the community and used for the cure of ague�察�hence the
name of ;Jesuits' bark。; Its value was early recognized by Sydenham and
by Locke。 At first there was a great deal of opposition�察�and the Protestants
did not like it because of its introduction by the Jesuits。 The famous quack�察�
Robert Talbor�察�sold the secret of preparing quinquina to Louis XIV in 1679
for two thousand louis d'or�察�a pension and a title。 That the profession was
divided in opinion on the subject was probably due to sophistication�察�or to
the importation of other and inert barks。 It was well into the eighteenth
century before its virtues were universally acknowledged。 The tree itself
was not described until 1738�察 �and Linnaeus established the genus
;Chinchona; in honor of the Countess。��1�А�
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��1�А�Clements R。 Markham�此�Peruvian Bark�察�John Murray�察�London�察�1880�察�
Memoir of the Lady Anna di Osoria�察 �Countess of Chinchona and Vice´
Queen of Peru�察�1874。
A step in advance followed the objective study of the changes
wrought in the body by disease。 To a few of these the anatomists had
already called attention。 Vesalius�察 �always keen in his description of
aberrations from the normal�察 �was one of the first to describe internal
aneurysm。 The truth is�察�even the best of men had little or no appreciation
of the importance of the study of these changes。 Sydenham scoffs at the
value of post´mortems。
Again we have to go back to Italy for the beginning of these studies�察�
this time to Florence�察�in the glorious days of Lorenzo the Magnificent。 The
pioneer now is not a professor but a general practitioner�察 �Antonio
Benivieni�察 �of whom we know very little save that he was a friend of
Marsilio Ficino and of Angelo Poliziano�察�and that he practiced in Florence
during the last third of the fifteenth century�察 �dying in 1502。 Through
associations with the scholars of the day。 he had become a student of
Greek medicine and he was not only a shrewd and accurate observer of
nature but a bold and successful practitioner。 He had formed the good
habit of making brief notes of his more important cases�察�and after his death
these were found by his brother Jerome and published in 1507。��2�А �This
book has a rare value as the record of the experience of an unusually
intelligent practitioner of the period。 There are in all 111 observations�察�
most of them commendably brief。 The only one of any length deals with
the new ;Morbus Gallicus�察─ �of which�察 �in the short period between its
appearance and Benivieni's death�察 �he had seen enough to leave a very
accurate description�察�and it is interesting to note that even in those early
days mercury was employed for its cure。 The surgical cases are of
exceptional interest�察 �and No。 38 refers to a case of angina for which he
performed a successful operation。 This is supposed to have been a
tracheotomy�察 �and if so�察 �it is the first in the fourteen centuries that had
elapsed since the days of Antyllus。��3�А �There are other important cases
which show that he was a dexterous and fearless surgeon。 But the special
interest of the work for us is that�察�for the first time in modern literature�察�we
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have reports