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the soul of the indian(喩芦繁岻至)-及11嫗

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confiscate   it   if   possible。   However�察 �in   the  old   days   there   was   not   much 

plunder。      Before   the   coming   of   the   white   man�察  �there   was   in   fact   little 

temptation or opportunity to despoil the enemy�察�but in modern times the 

practice of ;stealing horses; from hostile tribes has become common�察�and 

is thought far from dishonorable。 

     Warfare   we   regarded   as   an   institution   of   the   ;Great   Mystery;   an 

organized tournament or trial of courage and skill�察�with elaborate rules and 

;counts;      for  the   coveted     honor    of   the  eagle    feather。    It  was    held   to 

develop the quality of manliness and its motive was chivalric or patriotic�察�

but never the  desire for  territorial aggrandizement   or the  overthrow of a 

brother nation。       It was common�察�in early times�察�for a battle or skirmish to 

last   all  day�察  �with   great   display   of    daring    and   horsemanship�察  �but       with 

scarcely   more   killed   and   wounded   than   may   be   carried   from   the   field 

during a university game of football。 

     The slayer   of a   man   in battle   was expected   to   mourn for   thirty  days 

blackening his face and loosening his hair according to the custom。                          He 

of   course   considered   it   no     sin   to   take   the   life   of   an  enemy�察  �and   this 

ceremonial mourning was a sign of reverence for the departed spirit。                        The 

killing in war of non´combatants�察�such as women and children�察�is partly 

explained   by  the   fact   that   in   savage   life   the   woman   without   husband   or 

protector   is   in   pitiable   case�察  �and   it   was   supposed   that   the   spirit   of   the 

warrior   would   be   better   content   if   no   widow   and   orphans   were   left   to 

suffer want�察�as well as to weep。 

     A scalp might originally be taken by the leader of the war party only 

and at that period no other mutilation was practiced。                   It was a small lock 

not   more   than   three   inches   square�察  �which   was   carried   only   during   the 

thirty days' celebration of a victory�察�and afterward given religious burial。 

Wanton   cruelties   and   the   more   barbarous   customs   of   war   were   greatly 

intensified with the coming of the white man�察�who brought with him fiery 

liquor and deadly weapons�察�aroused the Indian's worst passions�察�provoking 

in him revenge and cupidity�察�and even offered bounties for the scalps of 

innocent men�察�women�察�and children。 

     Murder within the   tribe was   a grave offense�察�to   be atoned   for as the 

council   might   decree�察  �and   it   often   happened   that   the   slayer   was   called 



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upon to pay the penalty with his own life。             He made no attempt to escape 

or to evade justice。        That the crime was committed in the depths of the 

forest or at dead of night�察�witnessed by no human eye�察�made no difference 

to his mind。      He was thoroughly convinced that all is known to the ;Great 

Mystery�察─�and hence did not hesitate to give himself up�察�to stand his trial 

by the old and wise men of the victim's clan。               His own family and clan 

might by no means attempt to excuse or to defend him�察�but his judges took 

all the known circumstances into consideration�察�and if it appeared that he 

slew in self´defense�察�or that the provocation was severe�察�he might be set 

free   after   a   thirty   days'   period   of   mourning   in   solitude。 Otherwise   the 

murdered man's   next of   kin   were authorized to take   his life�察�and   if they 

refrained from doing so�察�as often happened�察�he remained an outcast from 

the   clan。    A   willful   murder   was   a   rare   occurrence   before   the   days   of 

whiskey   and   drunken   rows�察  �for   we   were   not   a   violent   or   a   quarrelsome 

people。 

     It   is   well   remembered   that   Crow   Dog�察  �who   killed   the   Sioux   chief�察�

Spotted     Tail�察 �in  1881�察   �calmly    surrendered     himself    and   was   tried   and 

convicted by  the   courts   in   South   Dakota。       After   his   conviction�察 �he   was 

permitted remarkable liberty in prison�察�such as perhaps no white man has 

ever enjoyed when under sentence of death。 

     The   cause   of   his   act   was   a   solemn   commission   received   from   his 

people�察�nearly thirty years earlier�察�at the time that Spotted Tail usurped the 

chieftainship by the aid of the military�察�whom he had aided。                   Crow Dog 

was under a vow to slay the chief�察�in case he ever betrayed or disgraced 

the name of the Brule Sioux。            There is no doubt that he had committed 

crimes both public and private�察�having been guilty of misuse of office as 

well as of gross offenses against   morality�察�therefore his death was not   a 

matter of personal vengeance but of just retribution。 

     A few days before Crow Dog was to be executed�察�he asked permission 

to visit his home and say farewell to his wife and twin boys�察�then nine or 

ten    years   old。    Strange      to  say�察  �the   request    was    granted�察   �and   the 

condemned        man    sent   home    under    escort   of   the  deputy    sheriff�察  �who 

remained at the Indian agency�察�merely telling his prisoner to report there 

on the following day。         When he did not appear at the time set�察�the sheriff 



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dispatched the Indian police after him。 They did not find him�察�and his wife 

simply   said   that   Crow   Dog   had   desired   to   ride   alone   to   the   prison�察  �and 

would reach there on the day appointed。                All doubt was removed next day 

by a telegram from Rapid City�察�two hundred miles distant�察�saying�此 �Crow 

Dog has just reported here。; 

     The   incident   drew   public   attention   to   the   Indian   murderer�察  �with   the 

unexpected   result   that   the   case   was   reopened�察  �and   Crow   Dog   acquitted。 

He   still   lives�察  �a   well´preserved   man   of   about   seventy´five   years�察  �and   is 

much respected among his own people。 

     It is said that�察�in the very early days�察�lying was a capital offense among 

us。    Believing that the deliberate liar is capable of committing any crime 

behind the screen of cowardly untruth and double´dealing�察�the destroyer of 

mutual confidence was summarily put to death�察�that the evil might go no 

further。 

     Even     the   worst    enemies     of   the  Indian�察   �those    who    accuse    him    of 

treachery�察�blood´thirstiness�察�cruelty�察�and lust�察�have not denied his courage�察�

but   in   their   minds   it   is   a   courage   that   is   ignorant�察  �brutal�察  �and   fantastic。 

His own conception of bravery makes of it a high moral virtue�察�for to him 

it   consists   not   so   much   in   aggressive   self´assertion   as   in   absolute   self´ 

control。      The   truly   brave   man�察  �we   contend�察  �yields   neither   to   fear   nor 

anger�察�desire nor agony�察�he is at all times master of himself�察�his courage 

rises to the heights of chivalry�察�patriotism�察�and real heroism。 

     ;Let neither  cold�察�hunger�察 �nor pain�察 �nor the fear  of them�察 �neither  the 

bristling teeth of danger nor the very jaws of death itself�察�prevent you from 

doing a good deed�察─�said an old chief to a scout who was about to seek the 

buffalo   in   midwinter   for   the   relief   of   a   starving   people。     This   was   his 

childlike conception of courage。 



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