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the soul of the indian(喩芦繁岻至)-及8嫗

弌傍�� the soul of the indian(喩芦繁岻至) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

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foot´race�察     �and    grasping     their   medicine      bags     firmly    in   both    hands。 

Swinging       their   arms    forward     at  the   same    moment�察     �they   uttered    their 

guttural ;Yo´ho´ho´ho� ─�in perfect unison and with startling effect。                     In the 

midst of a breathless silence�察�they took a step forward�察�then another and 

another�察  �ending   a   rod   or   so   from   the   row   of   kneeling   victims�察  �with   a 

mighty   swing   of   the   sacred   bags   that   would   seem   to   project   all   their 

mystic     power     into   the   bodies    of  the   initiates。   Instantly     they    all  fell 

forward�察�apparently lifeless。 

     With this thrilling climax�察�the drums were vigorously pounded and the 

dance began again with energy。               After a few turns had been taken about 

the prostrate bodies of the new members�察�covering them with fine robes 

and other garments which were later to be distributed as gifts�察�they were 

permitted   to   come   to   life   and   to   join   in   the   final   dance。   The   whole 

performance was clearly symbolic of death and resurrection。 

     While I cannot suppose that this elaborate ritual�察�with its use of public 

and audible prayer�察�of public exhortation or sermon�察�and other Caucasian 

features�察  �was   practiced   before   comparatively   modern   times�察  �there   is   no 

doubt   that   it   was   conscientiously   believed   in   by   its   members�察  �and   for   a 

time   regarded   with   reverence   by   the   people。          But   at   a   later   period   it 

became still further demoralized and fell under suspicion of witchcraft。 

     There   is   no   doubt   that   the   Indian   held   medicine   close   to   spiritual 

things�察�but in this also he has been much misunderstood�察�in fact everything 

that he held sacred is indiscriminately called ;medicine�察─�in the sense of 

mystery or   magic。         As a doctor he was originally very adroit and often 

successful。      He employed only healing bark�察�roots�察�and leaves with whose 

properties he was familiar�察�using them in the form of a distillation or tea 

and     always     singly。     The     stomach      or   internal    bath   was    a   valuable 

discovery   of   his�察  �and   the   vapor   or   Turkish   bath   was   in   general   use。   He 

could set a broken bone with fair success�察�but never practiced surgery in 

any   form。      In   addition    to   all  this�察 �the  medicine´man        possessed      much 



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                                THE SOUL OF THE INDIAN 



personal   magnetism   and   authority�察  �and   in   his   treatment   often   sought   to 

reestablish     the   equilibrium     of  the   patient   through     mental    or  spiritual 

influencesa sort of primitive psychotherapy。 

     The Sioux word for the healing art is ;wah´pee´yah�察─�which literally 

means      readjusting    or   making     anew。    ;Pay´jee´hoo´tah�察─       �literally   root�察�

means medicine�察�and ;wakan; signifies spirit or mystery。                   Thus the three 

ideas�察�while sometimes associated�察�were carefully distinguished。 

     It is important   to remember that   in the old   days the  ;medicine´man; 

received   no   payment   for   his   services�察  �which   were   of   the   nature   of   an 

honorable function or office。           When the idea of payment and barter was 

introduced among us�察�and valuable presents or fees began to be demanded 

for    treating    the   sick�察  �the   ensuing     greed    and   rivalry    led   to   many 

demoralizing practices�察�and in time to the rise of the modern ;conjurer�察─�

who is generally a fraud and trickster of the grossest kind。                It is fortunate 

that his day is practically over。 

     Ever     seeking    to   establish   spiritual    comradeship       with   the   animal 

creation�察    �the  Indian    adopted     this  or   that  animal    as   his  ;totem�察─    �the 

emblematic device of his society�察�family�察�or clan。                It is probable that the 

creature chosen was the traditional ancestress�察�as we are told that the First 

Man had many wives among the animal people。                      The sacred beast�察�bird�察�

or reptile�察�represented by its stuffed skin�察�or by a rude painting�察�was treated 

with   reverence   and   carried   into   battle   to   insure   the   guardianship   of   the 

spirits。    The     symbolic     attribute   of   beaver�察  �bear�察  �or  tortoise�察  �such    as 

wisdom�察�cunning�察�courage�察�and the like�察�was supposed to be mysteriously 

conferred   upon   the   wearer   of   the   badge。      The   totem   or   charm   used   in 

medicine       was    ordinarily    that   of   the   medicine     lodge    to   which     the 

practitioner belonged�察�though there were some great men who boasted a 

special revelation。 

     There are two ceremonial usages which�察�so far as I have been able to 

ascertain�察    �were     universal    among      American      Indians�察    �and   apparently 

fundamental。        These have   already  been   referred   to   as the   ;eneepee�察─�or 

vapor´bath�察�and the ;chan´du´hu´pah´yu´za´pee�察─�or ceremonial of the pipe。 

In our Siouan legends and traditions these two are preeminent�察�as handed 

down from the most ancient time and persisting to the last。 



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     In our Creation myth or story of the First Man�察�the vapor´bath was the 

magic   used   by   The´one´who´was´First´Created�察  �to   give   life   to   the   dead 

bones of his younger brother�察�who had been slain by the monsters of the 

deep。     Upon the shore of the Great Water he dug two round holes�察�over 

one of which he built a low enclosure of fragrant cedar boughs�察�and here 

he gathered together the bones of his brother。               In the other pit he made a 

fire   and   heated   four   round   stones�察  �which   he   rolled   one   by   one   into   the 

lodge   of    boughs。     Having      closed   every   aperture     save   one�察  �he  sang    a 

mystic   chant   while   he   thrust   in   his   arm   and   sprinkled   water   upon   the 

stones with a bunch of sage。           Immediately steam arose�察�and as the legend 

says�察   �there   was   an   appearance   of   life。;     A   second   time   he   sprinkled 

water�察�and   the   dry  bones   rattled   together。      The third   time   he   seemed   to 

hear   soft   singing    from   within    the   lodge�察  �and   the   fourth   time   a  voice 

exclaimed�此   �Brother�察  �let   me   out� ─     。�It   should   be   noted   that   the   number 

four is the magic or sacred number of the Indian。�� 

     This story gives the traditional origin of the ;eneepee�察─�which has ever 

since been deemed essential to the Indian's effort to purify and recreate his 

spirit。   It is used both by the doctor and by his patient。              Every man must 

enter   the   cleansing   bath   and   take   the   cold   plunge   which   follows�察  �when 

preparing for any spiritual crisis�察�for possible death�察�or imminent danger。 

     Not only the ;eneepee; itself�察�but everything used in connection with 

the    mysterious      event�察  �the   aromatic     cedar    and   sage�察   �the   water�察  �and 

especially the water´worn boulders�察�are regarded as sacred�察�or at the least 

adapted to a spiritual use。        For the rock we have a special reverent name 

;Tunkan�察─�a contraction of the Sioux word for Grandfather。 

     The natural boulder enters into many of our solemn ceremonials�察�such 

as   the   ;Rain   Dance�察─  �and   the   ;Feast   of   Virgins。;   The   lone   hunter   and 

warrior     reverently     holds   up    his  filled   pipe   to  ;Tunkan�察─     �in  solitary 

commemoration of a miracle which to him is as authentic and holy as the 

raising of Lazarus to the devout Christian。 

     Ther

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