the memorabilia(射廷瞳)-及2嫗
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the circumstances。;
Again�察�Socrates ever lived in the public eye�察�at early morning he was
to be seen betaking himself to one of the promenades�察 �or wrestling´
grounds�察 �at noon he would appear with the gathering crowds in the
market´place�察�and as day declined�察�wherever the largest throng might be
encountered�察�there was he to be found�察�talking for the most part�察�while any
one who chose might stop and listen。 Yet no one ever heard him say�察�or
saw him do anything impious or irreverent。 Indeed�察�in contrast to others he
set his face against all discussion of such high matters as the nature of the
Universe�察 �how the ;kosmos�察─ �as the savants��8�А �phrase it�察 �came into
being�撮�9�А�or by what forces the celestial phenomena arise。 To trouble one's
brain about such matters was�察�he argued�察�to play the fool。 He would ask
first�此 �Did these investigators feel their knowledge of things human so
complete that they betook themselves to these lofty speculations�拭�Or did
they maintain that they were playing their proper parts in thus neglecting
the affairs of man to speculate on the concerns of God�拭�He was astonished
they did not see how far these problems lay beyond mortal ken�察�since even
those who pride themselves most on their discussion of these points differ
from each other�察�as madmen do。 For just as some madmen�察�he said�察�have
no apprehension of what is truly terrible�察 �others fear where no fear is�察�
some are ready to say and do anything in public without the slightest
symptom of shame�撮�10�А�others think they ought not so much as to set foot
among their fellow´men�察�some honour neither temple�察�nor altar�察�nor aught
else sacred to the name of God�察�others bow down to stocks and stones and
worship the very beasts��so is it with those thinkers whose minds are
cumbered with cares��11�А �concerning the Universal Nature。 One sect��12�А�
has discovered that Being is one and indivisible。 Another��13�А �that it is
infinite in number。 If one��14�А�proclaims that all things are in a continual
flux�察�another��15�А�replies that nothing can possibly be moved at any time。
The theory of the universe as a process of birth and death is met by the
counter theory�察�that nothing ever could be born or ever will die。
��8�А �Lit。 ;the sophists。; See H。 Sidgwick�察 �J。 of Philol。; iv。 1872�察 �v。
1874。
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��9�А�Reading ��ephu��。 Cf。 Lucian�察 �Icaromenip。; xlvi。 4�察�in imitation of
this passage apparently�察 �or if ��ekhei���察 �translate ;is arranged。; See
Grote�察 �H。 G。; viii。 573。
��10�А�See ;Anab。; V。 iv。 30。
��11�А�See Arist。 ;Clouds�察─�101�察。�merimnophrontistai kaloi te kagathoi��。
��12�А �e。g。 Xenophanes and Parmenides�察 �see Grote�察 �Plato�察─ �I。 i。 16
foll。
��13�А�e。g。 Leucippus and Democritus�察�ib。 63 foll。
��14�А�e。g。 Heraclitus�察�ib。 27 foll。
��15�А�e。g。 Zeno�察�ib。 ii。 96。
But the questioning of Socrates on the merits of these speculators
sometimes took another form。 The student of human learning expects�察�he
said�察�to make something of his studies for the benefit of himself or others�察�
as he likes。 Do these explorers into the divine operations hope that when
they have discovered by what forces the various phenomena occur�察 �they
will create winds and waters at will and fruitful seasons�拭 �Will they
manipulate these and the like to suit their needs�拭 �or has no such notion
perhaps ever entered their heads�察�and will they be content simply to know
how such things come into existence�拭 �But if this was his mode of
describing those who meddle with such matters as these�察�he himself never
wearied of discussing human topics。 What is piety�拭�what is impiety�拭�What
is the beautiful�拭�what the ugly�拭�What the noble�拭�what the base�拭�What are
meant by just and unjust�拭�what by sobriety and madness�拭�what by courage
and cowardice�拭�What is a state�拭�what is a statesman�拭�what is a ruler over
men�拭�what is a ruling character�拭�and other like problems�察�the knowledge
of which�察�as he put it�察�conferred a patent of nobility on the possessor�撮�16�А�
whereas those who lacked the knowledge might deservedly be stigmatised
as slaves。
��16�А�Or�察 �was distinctive of the 'beautiful and good。'; For the phrase
see below�察�ii。 2 et passim。
Now�察�in so far as the opinions of Socrates were unknown to the world
at large�察�it is not surprising that the court should draw false conclusions
respecting them�察 �but that facts patent to all should have been ignored is
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indeed astonishing。
At one time Socrates was a member of the Council�撮�17�А�he had taken
the senatorial oath�察 �and sworn ;as a member of that house to act in
conformity with the laws。; It was thus he chanced to be President of the
Popular Assembly�撮�18�А�when that body was seized with a desire to put the
nine��19�А�generals�察�Thrasyllus�察�Erasinides�察�and the rest�察�to death by a single
inclusive vote。 Whereupon�察�in spite of the bitter resentment of the people�察�
and the menaces of several influential citizens�察 �he refused to put the
question�察�esteeming it of greater importance faithfully to abide by the oath
which he had taken�察 �than to gratify the people wrongfully�察 �or to screen
himself from the menaces of the mighty。 The fact being�察�that with regard
to the care bestowed by the gods upon men�察 �his belief differed widely
from that of the multitude。 Whereas most people seem to imagine that the
gods know in part�察�and are ignorant in part�察�Socrates believed firmly that
the gods know all thingsboth the things that are said and the things that
are done�察�and the things that are counselled in the silent chambers of the
heart。 Moreover�察�they are present everywhere�察�and bestow signs upon man
concerning all the things of man。
��17�А�Or ;Senate。; Lit。 ;the Boule。;
��18�А �Lit。 ;Epistates of the Ecclesia。; See Grote�察 �H。 G。; viii。 271�察�
Plat。 ;Apol。; 32 B。
��19�А。�ennea�� would seem to be a slip of the pen for ��okto���察�eight。 See
;Hell。; I。 v。 16�察�vi。 16�察�vi。 29�察�vii。 1 foll。
I can�察�therefore�察�but repeat my former words。 It is a marvel to me how
the Athenians came to be persuaded that Socrates fell short of sober´
mindedness as touching the gods。 A man who never ventured one impious
word or deed against the gods we worship�察 �but whose whole language
concerning them�察�and his every act�察�closely coincided�察�word for word�察�and
deed for deed�察�with all we deem distinctive of devoutest piety。
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II
No less surprising to my mind is the belief that Socrates corrupted the
young。 This man�察 �who�察 �beyond what has been already stated�察 �kept his
appetites and passions under strict control�察�who was pre´eminently capable
of enduring winter's cold and summer's heat and every kind of toil�察�who
was so schooled to curtail his needs that with the scantiest of means he
never lacked sufficiencyis it credible that such a man