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the circumstances。; 

     Again�察�Socrates ever lived in the public eye�察�at early morning he was 

to   be   seen   betaking    himself    to  one    of  the  promenades�察      �or  wrestling´ 

grounds�察     �at  noon    he  would     appear    with   the   gathering    crowds     in  the 

market´place�察�and as day declined�察�wherever the largest throng might be 

encountered�察�there was he to be found�察�talking for the most part�察�while any 

one who chose might stop and listen。 Yet no one ever heard him say�察�or 

saw him do anything impious or irreverent。 Indeed�察�in contrast to others he 

set his face against all discussion of such high matters as the nature of the 

Universe�察     �how    the   ;kosmos�察─     �as  the   savants��8�А   �phrase    it�察 �came    into 

being�撮�9�А�or by what forces the celestial phenomena arise。 To trouble one's 

brain about such matters was�察�he argued�察�to play the fool。 He would ask 

first�此  �Did   these   investigators   feel   their   knowledge   of   things   human   so 

complete that they betook themselves to these lofty speculations�拭�Or did 

they maintain that they were playing their proper parts in thus neglecting 

the affairs of man to speculate on the concerns of God�拭�He was astonished 

they did not see how far these problems lay beyond mortal ken�察�since even 

those who pride themselves most on their discussion of these points differ 

from each other�察�as madmen do。 For just as some madmen�察�he said�察�have 

no   apprehension   of   what   is   truly   terrible�察  �others   fear   where   no   fear   is�察�

some   are   ready   to   say   and   do   anything   in   public   without   the   slightest 

symptom of shame�撮�10�А�others think they ought not so much as to set foot 

among their fellow´men�察�some honour neither temple�察�nor altar�察�nor aught 

else sacred to the name of God�察�others bow down to stocks and stones and 

worship   the   very   beasts��so   is   it   with   those   thinkers   whose   minds   are 

cumbered   with   cares��11�А  �concerning   the   Universal   Nature。   One   sect��12�А�

has   discovered   that   Being   is   one   and   indivisible。  Another��13�А  �that   it   is 

infinite in number。 If one��14�А�proclaims that all things are in a continual 

flux�察�another��15�А�replies that nothing can possibly be moved at any time。 

The theory of the universe as a process of birth and death is met by the 

counter theory�察�that nothing ever could be born or ever will die。 

     ��8�А  �Lit。   ;the   sophists。;   See   H。   Sidgwick�察   �J。   of   Philol。;   iv。   1872�察  �v。 

1874。 



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     ��9�А�Reading ��ephu��。 Cf。 Lucian�察 �Icaromenip。; xlvi。 4�察�in imitation of 

this   passage   apparently�察  �or   if   ��ekhei���察  �translate   ;is   arranged。;         See 

Grote�察 �H。 G。; viii。 573。 

     ��10�А�See ;Anab。; V。 iv。 30。 

     ��11�А�See Arist。 ;Clouds�察─�101�察。�merimnophrontistai kaloi te kagathoi��。 

     ��12�А  �e。g。   Xenophanes       and   Parmenides�察     �see   Grote�察   �Plato�察─  �I。   i。  16 

foll。 

     ��13�А�e。g。 Leucippus and Democritus�察�ib。 63 foll。 

     ��14�А�e。g。 Heraclitus�察�ib。 27 foll。 

     ��15�А�e。g。 Zeno�察�ib。 ii。 96。 

     But   the   questioning   of   Socrates   on   the   merits   of   these   speculators 

sometimes took another form。 The student of human learning expects�察�he 

said�察�to make something of his studies for the benefit of himself or others�察�

as he likes。 Do these explorers into the divine operations hope that when 

they have   discovered by  what forces the various   phenomena occur�察 �they 

will    create   winds    and   waters    at  will   and   fruitful   seasons�拭   �Will   they 

manipulate  these   and   the like   to   suit   their   needs�拭  �or  has   no   such   notion 

perhaps ever entered their heads�察�and will they be content simply to know 

how     such    things   come     into  existence�拭    �But   if  this  was    his  mode     of 

describing those who meddle with such matters as these�察�he himself never 

wearied of discussing human topics。 What is piety�拭�what is impiety�拭�What 

is the beautiful�拭�what the ugly�拭�What the noble�拭�what the base�拭�What are 

meant by just and unjust�拭�what by sobriety and madness�拭�what by courage 

and cowardice�拭�What is a state�拭�what is a statesman�拭�what is a ruler over 

men�拭�what is a ruling character�拭�and other like problems�察�the knowledge 

of which�察�as he put it�察�conferred a patent of nobility on the possessor�撮�16�А�

whereas those who lacked the knowledge might deservedly be stigmatised 

as slaves。 

     ��16�А�Or�察  �was distinctive of the  'beautiful and  good。'; For the phrase 

see below�察�ii。 2 et passim。 

     Now�察�in so far as the opinions of Socrates were unknown to the world 

at large�察�it is not surprising that the   court should draw false   conclusions 

respecting   them�察  �but that   facts   patent   to   all   should   have been   ignored   is 



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indeed astonishing。 

     At one time Socrates was a member of the Council�撮�17�А�he had taken 

the   senatorial    oath�察  �and   sworn    ;as   a  member      of  that  house    to  act  in 

conformity with the laws。; It was thus he chanced to be President of the 

Popular Assembly�撮�18�А�when that body was seized with a desire to put the 

nine��19�А�generals�察�Thrasyllus�察�Erasinides�察�and the rest�察�to death by a single 

inclusive vote。 Whereupon�察�in spite of the bitter resentment of the people�察�

and    the   menaces     of  several    influential   citizens�察  �he   refused   to  put   the 

question�察�esteeming it of greater importance faithfully to abide by the oath 

which   he   had   taken�察  �than   to   gratify   the   people   wrongfully�察  �or   to   screen 

himself from the menaces of the mighty。 The fact being�察�that with regard 

to   the   care   bestowed   by   the   gods   upon   men�察  �his   belief   differed   widely 

from that of the multitude。 Whereas most people seem to imagine that the 

gods know in part�察�and are ignorant in part�察�Socrates believed firmly that 

the gods know all thingsboth the things that are said and the things that 

are done�察�and the things that are counselled in the silent chambers of the 

heart。 Moreover�察�they are present everywhere�察�and bestow signs upon man 

concerning all the things of man。 

     ��17�А�Or ;Senate。; Lit。 ;the Boule。; 

     ��18�А  �Lit。   ;Epistates   of   the   Ecclesia。;   See   Grote�察   �H。   G。;   viii。   271�察�

Plat。 ;Apol。; 32 B。 

     ��19�А。�ennea�� would seem to be a slip of the pen for ��okto���察�eight。 See 

;Hell。; I。 v。 16�察�vi。 16�察�vi。 29�察�vii。 1 foll。 

     I can�察�therefore�察�but repeat my former words。 It is a marvel to me how 

the   Athenians   came   to   be   persuaded   that   Socrates   fell   short   of   sober´ 

mindedness as touching the gods。 A man who never ventured one impious 

word   or   deed   against   the   gods   we   worship�察  �but   whose   whole   language 

concerning them�察�and his every act�察�closely coincided�察�word for word�察�and 

deed for deed�察�with all we deem distinctive of devoutest piety。 



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                                                 II 



     No less surprising to my mind is the belief that Socrates corrupted the 

young。   This   man�察  �who�察  �beyond   what   has   been   already   stated�察  �kept   his 

appetites and passions under strict control�察�who was pre´eminently capable 

of enduring winter's cold and summer's heat and every kind of toil�察�who 

was   so   schooled   to   curtail   his needs   that   with  the  scantiest of   means   he 

never lacked sufficiencyis it credible that such a man 

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