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and that the objects of their rearing be secured�察�so also must a general take 

care that his soldiers are safe and have their supplies�察�and attain the objects 

of   their  soldiering�拭�Which   last   is   that   they  may  get   the  mastery  of   their 

enemies�察�and so add to their own good fortune and happiness�察�or tell me�察�

what made him praise Agamemnon�察�saying 

           He is both a good king and a warrior bold�殖�2�А�



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     Did he mean�察�perhaps�察�to imply that he would be a 'warrior bold��' not 

merely   in    standing    alone    and   bravely    battling   against   the  foe�察  �but  as 

inspiring the whole of his host with like prowess�察�and by a 'good king��' not 

merely one   who should   stand   forth   gallantly to protect his   own   life�察 �but 

who should be the source of happiness to all over whom he reigns�拭�Since a 

man is not chosen king in order to take heed to himself�察�albeit nobly�察�but 

that those who chose him may attain to happiness through him。 And why 

do   men   go soldiering   except   to   ameliorate   existence�殖�3�А  �and   to   this   end 

they choose their generals that they may find in them guides to the goal in 

question。   He�察  �then�察  �who   undertakes   that   office   is   bound   to   procure   for 

those who choose him the thing they seek for。 And indeed it were not easy 

to find any nobler ambition than this�察�or aught ignobler than its opposite。 

     ��1�А �Il。; ii。 243。 ;The People's Paster�察─�Chapman。 

     ��2�А   �Il。;   iii。   179�察  �cf。   ;Symp。;   iv。   6。   A   favourite   line   of   Alexander 

the Great's�察�it is said。 

     ��3�А�Of�察 �that life may reach some flower of happiness。; 

     After such sort he handled the question�察�what is the virtue of a good 

leader�拭  �and   by   shredding   off   all   superficial   qualities�察  �laid   bare   as   the 

kernel of the matter that it is the function of every leader to make those 

happy whom he may be called upon to lead。��4�А�

     ��4�А�Cf。 Plat。 ;Rep。; 342。 



                                              III 



     The   following   conversation   with   a   youth   who   had   just   been   elected 

hipparch��1�А。�or commandant of cavalry���察�I can also vouch for。��2�А�

     ��1�А�Cf。 ;Hipparch。; 

     ��2�А�Lit。 ;I know he once held。; 

     Soc。 Can you tell us what set you wishing to be a general of cavalry�察�

young sir�拭�What was your object�拭�I suppose it was not simply to ride at 

the head of the ;knights�察─�an honour not denied to the mounted archers�撮�3�А�

who ride even in front of the generals themselves�拭�



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     ��3�А �Lit。   ;Hippotoxotai。;   See   Boeckh�察  �P。   E。 A。;   II。  xxi。  p。   264   ��Eng。 

tr。�� 

     Hipp。 You are right。 

     Soc。 No more was it for the sake merely of public notoriety�察�since a 

madman might boast of that fatal distinction。��4�А�

     ��4�А�Or�察 �as we all know�察�'Tom Fool' can boast�察─�etc。 

     Hipp。 You are right again。 

     Soc。    Is  this   possibly    the   explanation�拭     �you   think   to   improve     the 

cavalryyour aim would be to hand it over to the state in better condition 

than you find it�察�and�察�if the cavalry chanced to be called out�察�you at their 

head would be the cause of some good thing to Athens�拭�

     Hipp。 Most certainly。 

     Soc。    Well�察  �and    a  noble   ambition     too�察 �upon    my    wordif    you    can 

achieve your object。 The command to which you are appointed concerns 

horses and riders�察�does it not�拭�

     Hipp。 It does�察�no doubt。 

     Soc。   Come   then�察  �will   you   explain   to   us   first   how   you   propose   to 

improve the horses。 

     Hipp。 Ah�察  �that will scarcely form  part   of my  business�察�I   fancy。  Each 

trooper is personally responsible for the condition of his horse。 

     Soc。 But suppose�察�when they  present themselves and their   horses�撮�5�А�

you find that some have brought beasts with bad feet or legs or otherwise 

infirm�察�and others such ill´fed jades that they cannot keep up on the march�察�

others�察  �again�察  �brutes   so   ill   broken   and   unmanageable   that   they   will   not 

keep their place in the ranks�察�and others such desperate plungers that they 

cannot   be   got   to   any   place   in   the   ranks   at   all。   What   becomes   of   your 

cavalry force then�拭�How will you charge at the head of such a troop�察�and 

win glory for the state�拭�

     ��5�А�For this phrase�察�see Schneider and Kuhner ad loc。 

     Hipp。 You are right。 I will try to look after the horses to my utmost。 

     Soc。    Well�察   �and   will  you    not   lay  your    hand    to  improve     the   men 

themselves�拭�

     Hipp。 I will。 



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     Soc。   The   first   thing   will   be   to   make   them   expert   in   mounting   their 

chargers�拭�

     Hipp。   That   certainly�察  �for   if   any   of   them   were   dismounted   he   would 

then have a better chance of saving himself。 

     Soc。 Well�察�but when it comes to the hazard of engagement�察�what will 

you do then�拭�Give orders to draw the enemy down to the sandy ground��6�А�

where you are accustomed to manouvre�察�or endeavour beforehand to put 

your men through their practice on ground resembling a real battlefield�拭�

     ��6�А�e。g。 the hippodrome at Phaleron。 

     Hipp。 That would be better�察�no doubt。 

     Soc。 Well�察�shall you regard it as a part of your duty to see that as many 

of your men as possible can take aim and shoot on horseback�殖�7�А�

     ��7�А�Cf。 ;Hipparch�察─�i。 21。 

     Hipp。 It will be better�察�certainly。 

     Soc。 And have you thought how to whet the courage of your troopers�拭�

to kindle in them rage to meet the enemy��which things are but stimulants 

to make stout hearts stouter�拭�

     Hipp。 If I have not done so hitherto�察�I will try to make up for lost time 

now。 

     Soc。 And have you troubled your head at all to consider how you are to 

secure   the   obedience   of   your   men�拭  �for   without   that   not   one   particle   of 

good will you get�察�for all your horses and troopers so brave and so stout。 

     Hipp。 That is a true saying�察�but how�察�Socrates�察�should a man best bring 

them to this virtue�殖�8�А�

     ��8�А。�protrepsasthai��。 See above�察�I。 ii。 64�察�below�察�IV。 v。 1。 

     Soc。   I   presume   you   know   that   in   any   business   whatever�察  �people   are 

more apt to follow the lead of those whom they look upon as adepts�察�thus 

in case of sickness they are readiest to obey him whom they regard as the 

cleverest physician�察�and so on a voyage the most skilful pilot�察�in matters 

agricultural the best farmer�察�and so forth。 

     Hipp。 Yes�察�certainly。 

     Soc。 Then in this matter of cavalry also we may reasonably  suppose 

that he who is looked upon as knowing his business best will command 



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the readiest obedience。 

     Hipp。 If�察�then�察�I can prove to my troopers that I am better than all of 

them�察�will that suffice to win their obedience�拭�

     Soc。 Yes�察�if along with that you can teach them that obedience to you 

brings greater glory and surer safety to themselves。 

     Hipp。 How am I to teach them that�拭�

     Soc。 Upon my word� �How are you to teach them that�拭�Far more easily�察�

I take it�察�than if you had to teach them that bad things are better than good�察�

and more advantageous to boot。 

     Hipp。    I  suppose    you   mean     that�察 �besides   his  other   qualifications    a 

commandant of cavalry must have command of speech and argument�殖�9�А�

     ��9�А  �Or�察   �practise   the  art  of  oratory;�察    �express    himself    clearly   and 


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