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hush of silent expectation�察�the mariners wait to catch the next signal like 

an orchestra with eyes upon the leader。 

     Per。 But indeed�察�given that now is the opportunity to take obedience at 

the flood�察�it is high time also to explain by what means we are to rekindle 

in the hearts of our countrymen��8�А�the old firesthe passionate longing for 

antique valour�察�for the glory and the wellbeing of the days of old。 

     ��8�А  �Reading      ��anerasthenai���察    �Schneider's     emendation       of  the   vulg。 

��aneristhenai��。 

     Well ��proceeded Socrates���察�supposing we wished them to lay claim to 

certain material wealth now held by others�察�we could not better stimulate 

them to lay hands on the objects coveted than by showing them that these 

were ancestral possessions��9�А�to which they had a natural right。 But since 

our object is that they should set their hearts on virtuous pre´eminence�察�we 

must   prove   to   them   that   such   headship   combined   with   virtue   is   an   old 

time´honoured heritage which pertains to them beyond all others�察�and that 

if they strive earnestly after it they will soon out´top the world。 

     ��9�А  �Cf。   Solon   in   the   matter   of   Salamis�察  �Plut。   ;Sol。;   8�察  �Bergk。   ;Poet。 

Lyr。 Gr。 Solon�察─�SALAMIS�察�i。 2�察�3。 

     Por。 How are we to inculcate this lesson�拭�

     Soc。   I   think   by   reminding   them   of   a   fact   already   registered   in   their 

minds�撮�10�А�that the oldest of our ancestors whose names are known to us 

were also the bravest of heroes。 

     ��10�А�Or�察 �to which their ears are already opened。; 

     Per。 I suppose you refer to that judgment of the gods which�察�for their 

virtue's sake�察�Cecrops and his followers were called on to decide�殖�11�А�



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     ��11�А�See Apollodorus�察�iii。 14。 

     Soc。 Yes�察�I refer to that and to the birth and rearing of Erectheus�撮�12�А�

and also to the war��13�А�which in his days was waged to stay the tide of 

invasion   from   the   whole   adjoining   continent�察  �and   that   other   war   in   the 

days of the Heraclidae��14�А�against the men of Peloponnese�察�and that series 

of battles fought in the days of Theseus��15��in all which the virtuous pre´ 

eminence   of   our   ancestry   above   the   men   of   their   own   times   was   made 

manifest。 Or�察�if you please�察�we may come down to things of a later date�察�

which their descendants and the heroes of days not so long anterior to our 

own wrought in the struggle with the lords of Asia�撮�16�А�nay of Europe also�察�

as far as Macedonia�此�a people possessing a power and means of attack far 

exceeding   any   who   had   gone   beforewho�察  �moreover�察  �had   accomplished 

the   doughtiest   deeds。   These      things   the   men   of   Athens    wrought    partly 

single´handed�撮�17�А�and partly as sharers with the Peloponnesians in laurels 

won   by   land   and   sea。   Heroes   were   these   men   also�察  �far   outshining�察  �as 

tradition tells us�察�the peoples of their time。 

     ��12�А�Cf。 ;Il。; ii。 547�察。�'Erekhtheos megaletoros k。t。l。�� 

     ��13�А�Cf。 Isoc。 ;Paneg。; 19�察�who handles all the topics。 

     ��14�А�Commonly spoken of as ;the Return。; See Grote�察 �H。 G。; II。 ch。 

xviii。 

     ��15�А  �Against     the  Amazons      and   Thracians�察    �cf。  Herod。    ix。  27�察 �Plut。 

;Thes。; 27。 

     ��16�А�The ;Persian; wars�察�cf。 Thucyd。 I。 i。 

     ��17�А�He omits the Plataeans。 

     Per。 Yes�察�so runs the story of their heroism。 

     Soc。 Therefore it is that�察�amidst the many changes of inhabitants�察�and 

the   migrations   which   have�察  �wave   after   wave�察  �swept   over   Hellas�察  �these 

maintained      themselves      in  their  own    land�察  �unmoved�察     �so  that  it  was   a 

common thing for others to turn to them as to a court of appeal on points 

of right�察�or to flee to Athens as a harbour of refuge from the hand of the 

oppressor。��18�А�

     ��18�А�Cf。 ��Plat。�� ;Menex。;�察�Isocr。 ;Paneg。; 

     Then Pericles�此�And the wonder to me�察�Socrates�察�is how our city ever 



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came to decline。 

     Soc。 I think we are victims of our own success。 Like some athlete�撮�19�А�

whose facile preponderance in the arena has betrayed him into laxity until 

he   eventually   succumbs   to   punier   antagonists�察  �so   we   Athenians�察  �in   the 

plenitude   of   our   superiority�察  �have   neglected   ourselves   and   are   become 

degenerate。 

     ��19�А  �Reading   ��athletai   tines���察  �or   if   ��alloi   tines���察  �translate   ;any   one 

else。; 

     Per。 What then ought we to do now to recover our former virtue�拭�

     Soc。 There need be no mystery about that�察�I think。 We can rediscover 

the institutions of our forefathersapplying them to the regulation of our 

lives   with    something      of   their   precision�察  �and   not   improbably   with   like 

success�察�or we can imitate those who stand at the front of affairs to´day�撮�20�А�

adapting to ourselves their rule of life�察�in which case�察�if we live up to the 

standard of our models�察�we may hope at least to rival their excellence�察�or�察�

by a more conscientious adherence to what they aim at�察�rise superior。 

     ��20�А�Sc。 the Lacedaemonians。 See W。 L。 Newman�察�op。 cit。 i。 396。 

     You would seem to suggest ��he answered�� that the spirit of beautiful 

and brave manhood has taken wings and left our city�撮�21�А�as�察�for instance�察�

when   will   Athenians�察  �like   the   Lacedaemonians�察  �reverence   old   agethe 

Athenian�察�who takes his own father as a starting´point for the contempt he 

pours upon grey hairs�拭�When will he pay as strict an attention to the body�察�

who is not content with neglecting a good habit�撮�22�А�but laughs to scorn 

those who are careful in this matter�拭�When shall we Athenians so obey our 

magistrateswe who take a pride�察�as it were�察�in despising authority�拭�When�察�

once more�察�shall we be united as a peoplewe who�察�instead of combining 

to    promote      common        interests�察   �delight    in   blackening      each     other's 

characters�撮�23�А  �envying   one   another   more   than   we   envy   all   the   world 

besides�察    �andwhich      is  our   worst    failingwho�察     �in  private   and    public 

intercourse   alike�察  �are   torn   by   dissension   and   are   caught   in   a   maze   of 

litigation�察  �and   prefer   to   make   capital   out   of   our   neighbour's   difficulties 

rather than to render natural assistance�拭�To make our conduct consistent�察�

indeed�察  �we   treat   our   national   interests   no   better   than   if   they   were   the 



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concerns   of   some   foreign   state�察  �we   make   them   bones   of   contention   to 

wrangle over�察�and rejoice in nothing so much as in possessing means and 

ability to indulge these tastes。 From this hotbed is engendered in the state a 

spirit   of   blind   folly��24�А  �and   cowardice�察  �and   in   the   hearts   of   the   citizens 

spreads a tangle of hatred and mutual hostility which�察�as I often shudder to 

think�察�will some day cause some disaster to befall the state greater than it 

can bear。��25�А�

     ��21�А�Or�察 �is far enough away from Athens。; 

     ��22�А�See below�察�III。 xii。 5�察 �Pol。 Ath。; i。 13�察 �Rev。; iv。 52。 

     ��23�А�Or�察 �to deal despitefully with one another。 

     ��24�А   �Reading      ��ateria��。   See    L。  Dindorf     ad   loc。�察 �Ox。    ed。  lxii。  Al。 

��apeiria���察�a want of skill�察�or ��ataxia���察�disorderliness。 Cf。 ;Pol。                     Ath。; i。 

5。 

     ��25�А  �Possibly   the   author   is   thinking   of   the   events   of   406�察  �405   B。C。 

��see ;Hell。; I。 vii。 and II。���察�and history may repeat itself。 

     Do    not   ��replied    Socrates���察   �do   not

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