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梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
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absence of life�察�action and simplicityliterary and argumentative artisans 

and   repulsive   coquetry   with   them�此   �Feuerbach   is   a   bourgeois��'   and   the 

word `bourgeois' grown into an epithet and repeated ad nauseum�察�but all of 

them     themselves      from    head   to  foot�察  �through     and   through�察   �provincial 

bourgeois。 With one word�察�lying and stupidity�察�stupidity and lying。 In this 

society there is no possibility of drawing a free�察�full breath。 I hold myself 

aloof   from   them�察  �and   have   declared   quite   decidedly   that   I   will   not   join 

their communistic union of artisans�察�and will have nothing to do with it。'' 

     The   Revolution       of  1848    led   him   to  return   to  Paris   and   thence   to 

Germany。 He had a quarrel with Marx over a matter in which he himself 



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confessed later   that   Marx   was   in   the   right。   He   became   a   member   of   the 

Slav Congress in Prague�察�where he vainly endeavored to promote a Slav 

insurrection。   Toward   the   end   of   1848�察  �he   wrote   an   ``Appeal   to   Slavs��'' 

calling on them to combine with other revolutionaries to destroy the three 

oppressive monarchies�察�Russia�察�Austria and Prussia。 Marx attacked him in 

print�察  �saying�察  �in   effect�察  �that   the   movement   for   Bohemian   independence 

was   futile   because   the   Slavs   had   no   future�察  �at   any   rate   in   those   regions 

where   they   hap´   pened   to   be   subject   to   Germany   and Austria。   Bakunin 

accused Mars of German patriotism in this matter�察�and Marx accused him 

of Pan´Slavism�察�no doubt in both cases justly。 Before this dispute�察�however�察�

a   much   more   serious   quarrel   had   taken   place。   Marx's   paper�察  �the   ``Neue 

Rheinische Zeitung��'' stated that George Sand had papers proving Bakunin 

to   be   a   Russian   Government   agent   and   one   of   those   responsible   for   the 

recent   arrest   of   Poles。   Bakunin�察  �of   course�察  �repudiated   the   charge�察  �and 

George      Sand    wrote    to  the   ``Neue    Rheinische      Zeitung��''   denying     this 

statement in   toto。 The   denials were published by  Marx�察�and   there   was   a 

nominal reconciliation�察�but from this time onward there was never any real 

abatement of the hostility between these rival leaders�察�who did not meet 

again until 1864。 

     Meanwhile�察�the reaction had been everywhere gaining ground。 In May�察�

1849�察�an insurrection in Dresden for a moment made the revolutionaries 

masters     of   the   town。    They    held   it  for  five   days    and   established     a 

revolutionary   government。   Bakunin   was   the   soul   of   the   defense   which 

they made against the Prussian troops。 But they were overpowered�察�and at 

last   Bakunin     was    captured    while    trying   to  escape    with   Heubner      and 

Richard      Wagner�察    �the   last  of   whom�察    �fortunately     for  music�察   �was    not 

captured。 

     Now     began     a  long   period    of  imprisonment       in  many     prisons    and 

various countries。 Bakunin was sentenced to death on the 14th of January�察�

1850�察  �but    his   sentence    was   commuted       after   five  months�察  �and    he   was 

delivered over to Austria�察�which claimed the privilege of punishing him。 

The Austrians�察�in their turn�察�condemned him to death in May�察�1851�察�and 

again his sentence was commuted to imprisonment for life。 In the Austrian 

prisons he had fetters on hands and feet�察�and in one of them he was even 



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chained to the wall by the belt。 There seems to have been some peculiar 

pleasure to be derived from the punishment of Bakunin�察�for the   Russian 

Government in its turn demanded him of the Austrians�察�who delivered him 

up。 In Russia he was confined�察�first in the Peter and Paul fortress and then 

in the Schluesselburg。 There be suffered from scurvy and all his teeth fell 

out。    His   health    gave    way    completely�察    �and    he  found     almost    all  food 

impossible   to   assimilate。   ``But�察  �if   his   body   became   enfeebled�察  �his   spirit 

remained inflexible。 He feared one thing above all。 It was to find himself 

some   day   led�察  �by   the   debilitating   action   of   prison�察  �to   the   condition   of 

degradation of which Silvio Pellico offers a well´known type。 He feared 

that   he   might   cease   to   hate�察  �that   he   might   feel   the   sentiment   of   revolt 

which upheld him becoming extinguished in his hearts that he might come 

to pardon his persecutors and resign himself to his fate。 But this fear was 

superfluous�察�his energy did not abandon him a single day�察�and he emerged 

from his cell the same man as when he entered。''��14�А�

       ��14�А�Ibid。 p。 xxvi。 

       After   the   death   of   the   Tsar   Nicholas   many   political   prisoners   were 

amnested�察  �but   Alexander   II   with   his   own   hand   erased   Bakunin's   name 

from the list。 When Bakunin's mother succeeded in obtaining an interview 

with the new Tsar�察�he said to her�察 �`Know�察�Madame�察�that so long as your 

son   lives�察  �he   can   never   be   free。''   However�察  �in   1857�察  �after   eight   years   of 

captivity�察�he was sent to the comparative freedom of Siberia。 From there�察�

in 1861�察�he succeeded in escaping to Japan�察�and thence through America to 

London。   He   had   been   imprisoned   for   his   hostility   to   governments�察  �but�察�

strange   to   say�察  �his   sufferings   had   not   had   the   intended   effect   of   making 

him   love   those   who   inflicted   them。   From   this   time   onward�察  �he   devoted 

himself     to  spreading      the  spirit  of   Anarchist     revolt�察  �without�察   �however�察�

having   to   suffer   any   further   term   of   imprisonment。   For   some   years   he 

lived in Italy�察�where he founded in 1864 an ``International Fraternity'' or 

``Alliance      of  Socialist    Revolutionaries。''      This   contained     men     of  many 

countries�察     �but   apparently      no   Germans。       It  devoted      itself  largely    to 

combating Mazzini's nationalism。 In 1867 he moved to Switzerland�察�where 

in the following year he helped to found the ``International Alliance of So´ 

cialist Democracy��'' of which he drew up the program。 This program gives 



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a good succinct resume of his opinions�此�

       The Alliance declares itself atheist�察�it desires the definitive and entire 

abolition   of   classes   and   the   political   equality   and   social   equalization   of 

individuals of both sexes。 It desires that the earth�察�the instrument of labor�察�

like   all   other   capital�察  �becoming   the   collective   property   of   society   as   a 

whole�察�shall be no longer able to be utilized except by the workers�察�that is 

to   say�察  �by   agricultural   and   industrial   associations。   It   recognizes   that   all 

actually   existing   political   and   authoritarian   States�察  �reducing   themselves 

more and more to the mere administrative functions of the public services 

in their respective countries�察�must disappear in the universal union of free 

associations�察�both agricultural and industrial。 

       The International Alliance of Socialist Democracy desired to become 

a branch of the International Working Men's Association�察�but was refused 

admission       on   the  ground     that  branches     must    be   local�察  �and   could    not 

themselves be international。 The Geneva group of the Alliance�察�however�察�

was admitted later�察�in July�察�1869。 

     The   International   Working   Men's   Association   had   been   

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