唄診窮徨慕 > 哂猟圻广窮徨慕 > proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃) >

及13嫗

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及13嫗

弌傍�� proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




was admitted later�察�in July�察�1869。 

     The   International   Working   Men's   Association   had   been   founded   in 

London   in   1864�察  �and   its   statutes   and   program   were   drawn   up   by   Marx。 

Bakunin at first did not expect it to prove a success and refused to join it。 

But it spread with remarkable rapidity in many countries and soon became 

a great power for the propagation of Socialist ideas。 Originally it was by 

no means wholly Socialist�察�but in successive Congresses Marx won it over 

more     and    more    to   his  views。     At   its  third   Congress�察    �in   Brussels    in 

September�察      �1868�察   �it  became     definitely    Socialist。    Meanwhile       Bakunin�察�

regretting his earlier abstention�察�had decided to join it�察�and he brought with 

him   a   considerable   following   in   French´Switzerland�察  �France�察  �Spain   and 

Italy。   At   the   fourth   Congress�察    �held   at  Basle    in  September�察     �1869�察   �two 

currents were strongly marked。 The Germans and English followed Marx 

in his belief in the State as it was to become after the abolition of private 

property�察�they followed him also in his desire to found Labor Parties in the 

various     countries�察   �and    to  utilize   the  machinery      of   democracy      for   the 

election o* representatives of Labor to Parliaments。 On the other hand�察�the 

Latin   nations   in   the   main   followed   Bakunin   in   opposing   the   State   and 

disbelieving in the machinery of representative government。 The conflict 



                                                 35 


´ Page 36´

                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



between these two groups grew more and more bitter�察�and each accused 

the other of various offenses。 The statement that Bakunin was a spy was 

repeated�察     �but   was    withdrawn      after   investigation。     Marx     wrote    in   a 

confidential   communication   to   his   German   friends   that   Bakunin   was   an 

agent of the Pan´Slavist party and received from them 25��000 francs a year。 

Meanwhile�察�Bakunin became for a time interested in the attempt to stir up 

an agrarian revolt in Russia�察�and this led him to neglect the contest in the 

International      at  a   crucial    moment。      During     the  Franco´Prussian        war 

Bakunin passionately took the side of France�察�especially after the fall of 

Napoleon       III。  He    endeavored      to   rouse    the   people    to   revolutionary 

resistance like that of 1793�察�and became involved in an abortive attempt at 

revolt   in   Lyons。   The   French   Government   accused   him   of   being   a   paid 

agent of Prussia�察�and it was with difficulty that he escaped to Switzerland。 

The dispute with Marx and his followers had become exacerbated by the 

national   dispute。   Bakunin�察  �like   Kropotkin   after   him�察  �regarded   the   new 

power of Germany as the greatest menace to liberty in the world。 He hated 

the Germans with a bitter hatred�察�partly�察�no doubt�察�on account of Bismarck�察�

but probably still   more on   account of Marx。 To this day�察�Anarchism  has 

remained confined almost exclusively to the Latin countries�察�and has been 

associated with�察�a hatred of Germany�察�growing out of the contests between 

Marx and Bakunin in the International。 

     The   final   suppression   of   Bakunin's   faction   occurred   at   the   General 

Congress of the International at the Hague in 1872。 The meeting´place was 

chosen by  the   General   Council   ��in   which   Marx   was   unopposed���察  �with   a 

viewso      Bakunin's    friends    contend    to  making     access    impossible     for 

Bakunin       ��on   account     of   the   hostility    of   the   French     and   German 

governments�� and difficult for his friends。 Bakunin was expelled from the 

International   as   the   result   of   a   report   accusing   him   inter   alia   of   theft 

backed�察�up by intimidation。 

     The   orthodoxy   of   the   International   was   saved�察  �but   at   the   cost   of   its 

vitality。   From   this   time   onward�察  �it   ceased   to   be   itself   a   power�察  �but   both 

sections     continued     to  work    in  their  various    groups�察   �and   the   Socialist 

groups     in  particular    grew    rapidly。   Ultimately   a   new    International     was 

formed ��1889�� which continued down to the outbreak of the present war。 



                                                36 


´ Page 37´

                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



As to the future of International Socialism it would be rash to prophesy�察�

though   it   would   seem   that   the   international   idea   has   acquired   sufficient 

strength to need again�察�after the war�察�some such means of expression as it 

found before in Socialist congresses。 

     By this time Bakunin's health was broken�察�and except for a few brief 

intervals�察�he lived in retirement until his death in 1876。 

     Bakunin's life�察 �unlike   Marx's�察 �was a   very  stormy  one。   Every  kind   of 

rebellion     against    authority     always     aroused     his   sympathy�察     �and   in   his 

support he never paid the slightest attention to personal risk。 His influence�察�

undoubtedly        very    great�察  �arose    chiefly    through      the   influence     of   his 

personality upon important individuals。 His writings differ from Marx's as 

much   as   his   life   does�察  �and   in   a   similar   way。   They   are   chaotic�察  �largely�察�

aroused      by   some    passing     occasion�察    �abstract   and    metaphysical�察     �except 

when they deal with current politics。 He does not come to close quarters 

with    economic       facts�察 �but   dwells    usually   in   the   regions    of  theory   and 

metaphysics。 When he descends from these regions�察�he is much more   at 

the mercy  of current   international politics than   Marx�察�much   less   imbued 

with   the   consequences   of   the   belief   that   it   is   economic   causes   that   are 

fundamental。        He    praised    Marx     for  enunciating      this   doctrine�撮�15�А     �but 

nevertheless   continued   to   think   in   terms   of   nations。   His   longest   work�察�

``L'Empire       Knouto´Germanique            et  la   Revolution      Sociale��''    is  mainly 

concerned       with   the   situation    in  France    during     the  later   stages   of   the 

Franco´Prussian War�察�and with the means of resisting German imperialism。 

Most   of   his   writing   was   done   in   a   hurry   in   the   interval   between   two 

insurrections。 There is something of Anarchism in his lack of literary order。 

His best´known work is a fragment entitled by its editors ``God and the 

State。''��16�А�

       In this work he represents belief in God and belief in the State as the 

two     great   obstacles    to  human      liberty。  A   typical   passage     will   serve   to 

illustrate its style。 

       ��15�А �`Marx�察�as a thinker�察�is on the right road。 He has established as a 

principle     that   all  the   evolutions�察    �political�察  �religious�察   �and    juridical�察  �in 

history are�察�not the causes�察�but the effects of economic evolutions。 This is 

a great and fruitful thought�察�which he has not absolutely invented�察�it has 



                                                  37 


´ Page 38´

                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



been glimpsed�察�expressed in part�察�by many others besides him�察�but in any 

case   to   him   belongs   the   honor   of   having   solidly   established   it   and   of 

having enunciated it as the basis of his whole economic system。 ��1870�察�ib。 

ii。 p。 xiii。�� 

     ��16�А�This title is not Bakunin's�察�but was invented by Cafiero and Elisee 

Reclus�察  �who   edited   it�察  �not   knowing   that   it   was   a   fragment   of   what   was 

intended to he the second version of ``L'Empire Knouto´Germanique'' ��see 

ib。 ii。 p 283��。 



     The State is not society

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��2��

低辛嬬浪散議