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vehicle。   In   order   to   understand   Syndicalism�察  �we   have   first   to   describe 

Trade   Union   organization   in   France�察  �and   its   political   environment。   The 

ideas     of  Syndicalism       will   then   appear    as   the   natural   outcome      of   the 

political    and    economic      situation。    Hardly     any   of   these   ideas    are  new�察�

almost       all   are    derived      from     the    Bakunist       section     of    the    old 



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International。��21�А�The old International had considerable success in France 

before the Franco´ Prussian War�察�indeed�察�in 1869�察�it is estimated to have 

had a French membership of a quarter of a million。 What is practically the 

Syndicalist program was advocated by a French delegate to the Congress 

of the International at Bale in that same year。��22�А�

       ��20�А�And also in Italy。 A good�察�short account of the Italian movement 

is given by A。 Lanzillo�察 �`Le Mouvement Ouvrier en Italie��'' Bibliotheque 

du    Mouvement         Proletarien。     See   also   Paul    Louis�察    �`Le    Syndicalisme 

Europeen��'' chap。 vi。 On the other hand Cole �─�`World of Labour��'' chap。 vi�� 

considers the strength of genuine Syndicalism in Italy to be small。 

     ��21�А�This is often recognized by Syndicalists themselves。 See�察�e。g。�察�an 

article   on   ``The   Old   International''   in   the   Syndicalist   of   February�察  �1913�察�

which�察�after giving an account of the struggle between Marx and Bakunin 

from   the   standpoint   of   a   sympathizer   with   the   latter�察  �says�此   �`Bakounin's 

ideas are now more alive than ever。'' 

     ��22�А�See pp。 42´43�察�and 160 of ``Syndicalism in France��'' Louis Levine�察�

Ph。D。 ��Columbia University Studies in Political Science�察�vol。 xlvi�察�No。 3。�� 

This is a very objective and reliable account of the origin and progress of 

French   Syndicalism。   An   admirable   short   discussion   of   its   ideas   and   its 

present   position   will   be   found   in   Cole's   ``World   of   Labour''   ��G。   Bell   & 

Sons���察�especially chapters iii�察�iv�察�and xi。 

       The   war    of   1870    put  an   end   for   the  time   being    to  the   Socialist 

Movement   in   France。   Its   revival   was   begun   by   Jules   Guesde   in   1877。 

Unlike   the   Ger´   man   Socialists�察  �the   French   have   been   split   into   many 

different     factions。   In   the  early   eighties    there   was   a  split   between     the 

Parliamentary Socialists and the Communist Anarchists。 The latter thought 

that the first act of the Social Revolution should be the destruction of the 

State�察�and would therefore have nothing to do with Parliamentary politics。 

The Anarchists�察  �from   1883   onward�察  �had   success   in   Paris   and   the   South。 

The   Socialists   contended   that   the   State   will   disappear   after   the   Socialist 

society  has   been   firmly  established。   In 1882  the  Socialists   split   between 

the followers of Guesde�察�who claimed to represent the revolutionary and 

scientific Socialism of Marx�察�and the followers of Paul Brousse�察�who were 

more opportunist and were also called possibilists and cared little for the 



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theories of Marx。 In 1890 there was a secession from the Broussists�察�who 

followed Allemane and absorbed the more revolutionary elements of the 

party   and    became     leading    spirits  in   some   of   the  strongest    syndicates。 

Another group was the Independent Socialists�察�among whom were Jaures�察�

Millerand and Viviani。��23�А�

       ��23�А�See Levine�察�op。 cit。�察�chap。 ii。 

       The    disputes    between      the  various     sections    of  Socialists    caused 

difficulties in the Trade Unions and helped to bring about the resolution to 

keep   politics   out   of   the   Unions。   From   this   to   Syndicalism   was   an   easy 

step。 

     Since     the  year   1905�察   �as   the  result   of  a  union    between      the  Parti 

Socialiste de France ��Part�察�Ouvrier Socialiste Revolutionnaire Francais led 

by Guesde�� and the Parti Socialiste Francais ��Jaures���察�there have been only 

two groups of Socialists�察�the United Socialist Party and the Independents�察�

who are intellectuals or not   willing to be   tied to   a  party。 At   the  General 

Election of 1914 the former secured 102 members and the latter 30�察�out of 

a total of 590。 

     Tendencies toward a rapprochement between the various groups were 

seriously interfered with by an event which had considerable importance 

for the whole development of advanced political ideas in France�察�namely�察�

the    acceptance     of   office   in  the   Waldeck´      Rousseau     Ministry     by   the 

Socialist Millerand in 1899。 Millerand�察�as was to be expected�察�soon ceased 

to   be   a   Socialist�察  �and   the   opponents   of   political   action   pointed   to   his 

development        as  showing      the  vanity    of  political   triumphs。    Very    many 

French   politicians   who   have   risen   to   power   have   begun   their   political 

career as Socialists�察�and have ended it not infrequently by employing the 

army   to   oppress   strikers。   Millerand's   action   was   the   most   notable   and 

dramatic   among   a   number   of   others   of   a   similar   kind。  Their   cumulative 

effect has been to produce a certain cynicism in regard to politics among 

the more class´conscious of French wage´earners�察�and this state of mind 

greatly assisted the spread of Syndicalism。 

     Syndicalism stands essentially for the point of view of the producer as 

opposed   to   that   of   the   consumer�察  �it   is   concerned   with   reforming   actual 

work�察�and the organization of industry�察�not MERELY with securing greater 



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rewards   for   work。   From   this   point   of   view   its   vigor   and   its   distinctive 

character are derived。 It aims at substituting industrial for political action�察�

and   at   using   Trade   Union   organization   for   purposes   for   which   orthodox 

Socialism   would   look   to   Parliament。   ``Syndicalism''   was   originally   only 

the French name for Trade Unionism�察�but the Trade Unionists of France 

became divided into two sections�察�the Reformist and the Revolutionary�察�of 

whom the latter only professed the ideas which we now associate with the 

term   ``Syndicalism。''   It   is   quite   impossible   to   guess   how   far   either   the 

organization or the ideas of the Syndicalists will remain intact at the end 

of the war�察�and everything that we shall say is to be taken as applying only 

to   the  years    before   the   war。   It  may   be   that  French    Syndicalism   as     a 

distinctive movement will be dead�察�but even in that case it will not have 

lost its importance�察�since it has given a new impulse and direction to the 

more vigorous part of the labor movement in all civilized countries�察�with 

the possible exception of Germany。 

     The     organization      upon    which     Syndicalism       de´   pended     was    the 

Confederation   Generale   du   Travail�察  �commonly   known   as   the   C。   G。   T。�察�

which was founded in 1895�察�but only achieved its final form in 1902。 It 

has never   been   numerically  very  powerful�察  �but   has   derived   its   influence 

from the fact that in moments of crisis many who were not members were 

willing to follow its guidance。 Its membership in the year before the war is 

estimated by Mr。 Cole at somewhat more than half a million。 Trade Unions 

��Syndicats�� were legalized by Waldeck´Rousseau in 1884�察�and the C。 G。 T。�察�

on    its  inauguration      in  1895�察   �

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