唄診窮徨慕 > 哂猟圻广窮徨慕 > proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃) >

及17嫗

proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及17嫗

弌傍�� proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃) 忖方�� 耽匈4000忖

梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




on    its  inauguration      in  1895�察   �was    formed     by   the  Federation      of   700 

Syndicats。      Alongside      of   this  organization      there   existed    another�察   �the 

Federation des Bourses du Travail�察�formed in 1893。 A Bourse du Travail is 

a   local   organization�察  �not   of   any  one   trade�察  �but   of   local   labor   in   general�察�

intended to serve as a Labor Exchange and to perform such functions for 

labor     as  Chambers       of   Commerce       perform     for   the   employer。��24�А      �A 

Syndicat is in general a local organization of a single industry�察�and is thus 

a smaller unit than the Bourse du Travail。��25�А�Under the able leadership of 

Pelloutier�察�the  Federation des   Bourses prospered   more than   the C。  G。 T。�察�

and at last�察�in 1902�察�coalesced with it。 The result was an organization in 

which the local Syndicat was fed´ erated twice over�察�once with the other 



                                                46 


´ Page 47´

                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



Syndicat in its locality�察�forming together the local Bourse du Travail�察�and 

again with the Syndicats in the same industry in other places。 ``It was the 

purpose of the new organization to secure twice over the membership of 

every  syndicat�察 �to   get it to   join   both   its local Bourse  du Travail   and the 

Federation of its industry。 The Statutes of the C。 G。 T。 ��I。 3�� put this point 

plainly�此 �No Syndicat will be able to form a part of the C。 G。 T。 if it is not 

federated nationally and an adherent of a Bourse du Travail or a local or 

departmental Union of Syndicats grouping different associations。' Thus�察�M。 

Lagardelle   explains�察  �the   two   sections   will   correct   each   other's   point   of 

view�此     �national     federation      of   industries     will    prevent     parochialism 

��localisme���察  �and   local      organization   will   check      the   corporate   or   `Trade 

Union' spirit。 The workers will learn at once the solidarity of all workers in 

a locality and that of all workers in a trade�察�and�察�in learning this�察�they will 

learn   at   the   same   time   the   complete   solidarity   of   the   whole   working´ 

class。''��26�А�

       ��24�А�Cole�察�ib。�察�p。 65。 

     ��25�А   �`Syndicat   in   France   still   means   a   local   unionthere   are   at   the 

present day only four national syndicats'' ��ib。�察�p。 66��。 

     ��26�А�Cole�察�ib。 p。 69。 

       This    organization      was    largely   the   work    of   Pellouties�察   �who     was 

Secretary of the Federation des Bourses from 1894 until his death in 1901。 

He     was   an   Anarchist      Communist       and    impressed     his   ideas   upon     the 

Federation and thence posthumously on the C。 G。 T。 after its combination 

with   the  Federation   des   Bourses。  He  even   carried   his   principles   into   the 

government of the Federation�察�the Committee had no chairman and votes 

very rarely took place。 He stated that ``the task of the revolution is to free 

mankind�察�not only from all authority�察�but also from every institution which 

has not for its essential purpose the development of production。'' 

     The C。 G。 T。 allows much autonomy to each unit in the organization。 

Each Syndicat counts for one�察�whether it be large or small。 There are not 

the   friendly  society  activities   which   form  so   large   a   part   of   the   work   of 

English Unions。 It gives no orders�察�but is purely advisory。 It does not allow 

politics   to   be   introduced   into   the   Unions。   This   decision   was   originally 

based     upon    the  fact   that  the   divisions    among     Socialists    disrupted     the 



                                                 47 


´ Page 48´

                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



Unions�察�but it is now reinforced in the minds of an important section by 

the   general   Anarchist   dislike   of   politics。   The   C。   G。   T。   is   essentially   a 

fighting     organization�察    �in   strikes�察 �it  is  the  nucleus     to  which    the   other 

workers rally。 

     There is a Reformist section in the C。 G。 T。�察�but it is practically always 

in a minority�察�and the C。 G。 T。 is�察�to all intents and purposes�察�the organ of 

revolutionary Syndicalism�察�which is simply the creed of its leaders。 

     The     essential    doctrine     of   Syndicalism      is   the   class´   war�察   �to   be 

conducted       by    industrial    rather    than   politi´   cal   methods。      The    chief 

industrial   methods   advocated   are   the   strike�察  �the   boycott�察  �the   label   and 

sabotage。 

     The boycott�察�in various forms�察�and the label�察�showing that the work has 

been done under trade´ union conditions�察�have played a considerable part 

in American labor struggles。 

     Sabotage is the practice of doing bad work�察�or spoiling machinery or 

work which has already been done�察�as a method of dealing with employers 

in   a   dispute    when     a  strike   appears     for  some     reason    undesirable      or 

impossible。 It has many forms�察�some clearly innocent�察�some open to grave 

objections。      One    form    of   sabotage     which    has    been   adopted     by   shop 

assistants is to tell customers the truth about the articles they are buying�察�

this form�察�however it may damage the shopkeeper's business�察�is not easy to 

object to on moral grounds。 A form which has been adopted on railways�察�

particularly   in   Italian   strikes�察  �is   that   of   obeying   all   rules   literally   and 

exactly�察    �in  such    a  way    as  to   make    the   running     of  trains   practically 

impossible。 Another form is to do all the work with minute care�察�so that in 

the end it is better done�察�but the output is small。 From these innocent forms 

there is a continual progression�察�until we come to such acts as all ordinary 

morality would consider criminal�察�for example�察�causing railway accidents。 

Advocates   of   sabotage   justify   it   as   part   of   war�察  �but   in   its   more   violent 

forms ��in which it is seldom defended�� it is cruel and probably inexpedient�察�

while even in its milder forms it must tend to encourage slovenly habits of 

work�察     �which     might     easily   persist    under    the    new    regime     that    the 

Syndicalists wish to introduce。 At the same time�察�when capitalists express 

a   moral   horror   of   this   method�察  �it   is   worth   while   to   observe   that   they 



                                                 48 


´ Page 49´

                              PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



themselves   are   the   first   to   practice   it   when   the   occasion   seems   to   them 

appropriate。 If report speaks truly�察�an example of this on a very large scale 

has been seen during the Russian Revolution。 

     By   far   the   most   important   of   the   Syndicalist   methods   is   the   strike。 

Ordinary   strikes�察     �for   specific   objects�察   �are  regarded     as   rehearsals�察   �as  a 

means   of     perfecting   organization        and   promoting   enthusiasm�察        �but  even 

when they are victorious so far as concerns the specific point in dispute�察�

they     are   not   regarded     by   Syndicalists      as   affording     any    ground     for 

industrial   peace。   Syndicalists   aim  at   using   the   strike�察  �not   to   secure   such 

improvements of detail as employers may grant�察�but to destroy the whole 

system of employer and employed and win the complete emancipation of 

the   worker。   For   this   purpose   what   is   wanted   is   the   General   Strike�察  �the 

complete cessation of work by a sufficient proportion of the wage´earners 

to   secure   the   paralysis   of   capitalism。   Sorel�察  �who   represents   Syndicalism 

too   much   in   the   minds   of   the   reading   public�察  �suggests   that   the   General 

Strike is to be regarded as a myth�察�like the Second Coming in   Chri

卦指朕村 貧匯匈 和匯匈 指欺競何 壘��1�� 家��2��

低辛嬬浪散議