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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��




uninformed   persons   suppose   possible。   Speaking   of   the   market´gardeners 

in   Great   Britain�察  �in   the   neighborhood   of   Paris�察  �and   in   other   places�察  �he 

says�此�

       They   have   created   a   totally   new   agriculture。   They   smile   when   we 

boast about the rotation system having permitted us to take from the field 

one crop every year�察�or four crops each three years�察�because their ambition 

is to have six and nine crops from the very same plot of land during the 

twelve months。 They do not understand our talk about good and bad soils�察�

because they make the soil themselves�察�and make it in such quantities as to 

be   compelled   yearly   to   sell   some   of   it�察  �otherwise   it   would   raise   up   the 

level of their gardens by half an inch every year。 They aim at cropping�察�not 

five or six tons of grass on the acre�察�as we do�察�but from 50 to 100 tons of 



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various vegetables on the same space�察�not 5 pound sworth of hay�察�but 100 

pounds      worth    of  vegetables�察   �of   the  plainest   description�察    �cabbage    and 

carrots。��38�А�

       ��38�А�Kropotkin�察 �`Fields�察�Factories and Workshops��'' p。 74。 

       As regards cattle�察�he mentions   that Mr。 Champion at Whitby  grows 

on   each    acre   the  food   of   two   or   three  head   of   cattle�察 �whereas    under 

ordinary   high   farming   it   takes   two   or   three   acres   to   keep   each   head   of 

cattle in Great Britain。 Even more astonishing are the achievements of the 

Culture     Maraicheres      round    Paris。  It  is  impossible    to  summarize       these 

achievements�察�but we may note the general conclusion�此�

       There are now practical Maraichers who venture to maintain that if 

all the food�察�animal and vegetable�察�necessary for the 3��500��000 inhabitants 

of the Departments of Seine and Seine´et´Oise had to be grown on their 

own territory ��3250 square miles���察�it could be grown without resorting to 

any other methods of culture than those already in usemethods already 

tested on a large scale and proved successful。��39�А�

       ��39�А�Ib。 p。 81。 

       It must be remembered that these two departments include the whole 

population of Paris。 

     Kropotkin   proceeds   to   point   out   methods   by   which   the   same   result 

could   be achieved   without   long hours of   labor。  Indeed�察�he   contends   that 

the great bulk of agricultural work could be carried on by people whose 

main occupations are sedentary�察�and with only such a number of hours as 

would serve to keep them in health and produce a pleasant diversification。 

He   protests   against   the   theory  of   exces´   sive   division   of   labor。  What   he 

wants is INTEGRATION�察 �`a society where each individual is a producer 

of   both   manual   and   intellectual   work�察  �where   each   able´   bodied   human 

being is a worker�察�and where each worker works both in the field and in 

the industrial workshop。''��40�А�

       ��40�А�Kropotkin�察 �`Field�察�Factories�察�and Workshops��'' p。 6。 

       These    views    as  to  production      have   no   essential   connection     with 

Kropotkin's      advocacy      of  Anarchism。      They    would    be   equally    possible 

under State Socialism�察�and under certain circumstances they might even be 

carried   out   in   a   capitalistic   regime。   They   are   important   for   our   present 



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purpose�察    �not   from    any    argument     which     they   afford   in  favor    of  one 

economic system as against another�察�but from the fact that they remove the 

veto upon our hopes which might otherwise result from a doubt as to the 

productive   capacity   of   labor。   I   have   dwelt   upon   agriculture   rather   than 

industry�察�since it is in regard to agriculture that the difficulties are chiefly 

supposed   to   arise。   Broadly   speaking�察  �industrial   production   tends   to   be 

cheaper   when it is   carried   on   on   a   large   scale�察  �and therefore there   is   no 

reason     in  industry    why   an   increase    in  the   demand     should    lead   to  an 

increased cost of supply。 

     Passing     now    from    the   purely    technical    and    material    side   of  the 

problem of production�察�we come to the human factor�察�the motives leading 

men to work�察�the possibilities of efficient organization of production�察�and 

the connection of production with distribution。 Defenders of the existing 

system     maintain     that  efficient   work     would    be   impossible     without    the 

economic stimulus�察�and that if the wage system were abolished men would 

cease   to   do   enough   work   to   keep   the   community   in   tolerable   comfort。 

Through   the   alleged   necessity   of   the   economic   motive�察  �the   problems   of 

production and distribution become intertwined。 The desire for a more just 

distribution of the world's goods is the main inspiration of most Socialism 

and    Anarchism。       We    must�察  �therefore�察   �consider    whether     the   system    of 

distribution   which   they  propose   would be   likely  to   lead   to   a   diminished 

production。 

     There is a fundamental difference between Socialism and Anarchism 

as regards the question of distribution。 Socialism�察�at any rate in most of its 

forms�察  �would   retain   payment   for   work   done   or   for   willingness   to   work�察�

and�察�except in the case of persons incapacitated by age or infirmity�察�would 

make   willingness   to   work   a   condition   of   subsistence�察  �or   at   any   rate   of 

subsistence above a certain very low minimum。 Anarchism�察�on the other 

hand�察�aims at granting to everyone�察�without any conditions whatever�察�just 

as much of all ordinary commodities as he or she may care to consume�察�

while     the  rarer   com´    modities�察   �of  which    the   supply    cannot    easily   be 

indefinitely increased�察�would be rationed and divided equally among the 

population。   Thus   Anarchism   would   not   impose   any   OBLIGATIONS   of 

work�察 �though Anarchists believe   that   the necessary  work   could be   made 



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sufficiently agreeable for the vast majority of the population to undertake 

it   voluntarily。   Socialists�察  �on   the  other   hand�察  �would   exact   work。   Some   of 

them would   make   the incomes   of   all   workers equal�察  �while   others   would 

retain   higher   pay   for   the   work   which   is   considered   more   valuable。   All 

these   different   systems   are   compatible   with   the   common   ownership   of 

land and capital�察�though they differ greatly as regards the kind of society 

which they would produce。 

     Socialism       with    inequality     of  income      would     not   differ   greatly    as 

regards the economic stimulus to work from the society in which we live。 

Such differences as it would entail would undoubtedly be to the good from 

our present point of view。 Under the existing system many people enjoy 

idleness   and   affluence   through   the   mere   accident   of   inheriting   land   or 

capital。 Many others�察�through their activities in industry or finance�察�enjoy 

an income which is certainly very far in excess of anything to which their 

social     utility  entitles   them。    On    the   other   hand�察   �it  often   happens      that 

inventors and discoverers�察�whose work has the very greatest social utility�察�

are   robbed   of   their   reward   either   by   capitalists   or   by   the   failure   of   the 

public to appreciate their work until too late。 The better paid work is only 

open   to   

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