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public to appreciate their work until too late。 The better paid work is only 

open   to   those   who   have   been   able   to   afford   an   expensive   training�察  �and 

these   men   are   selected   in   the   main   not   by   merit   but   by  luck。  The   wage 

earner is not paid for his willingness to work�察�but only for his utility to the 

employer。   Consequently�察  �he   may   be   plunged   into   destitution   by   causes 

over which he has no control。 Such destitution is a constant fear�察�and when 

it occurs it produces undeserved suffering�察�and often deterioration in the 

social   value     of  the   sufferer。   These     are   a  few   among      the  evils   of  our 

existing   system   from   the   standpoint   of   production。   All   these   evils   we 

might expect to see remedied under any system of Socialism。 

     There   are   two   questions   which   need   to   be   considered   when   we   are 

discussing how far work requires the economic motive。 The first question 

is�此  �Must   society   give   higher   pay   for   the   more   skilled   or   socially   more 

valuable   work�察  �if   such   work   is   to   be   done   in   sufficient   quantities�拭  �The 

second   question   is�此  �Could   work   be   made   so   attractive   that   enough   of   it 

would be done even if idlers received just as much of the produce of work�拭�

The first of these questions concerns the division between two schools of 



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Socialists�此   �the   more    moderate     Socialists   sometimes     concede     that  even 

under Socialism it would be well to retain unequal pay for different kinds 

of work�察�while the more thoroughgoing Socialists advocate equal incomes 

for all workers。 The second question�察�on the other hand�察�forms a division 

between Socialists and Anarchists�察�the latter would not deprive a man of 

commodities if he did not work�察�while the former in general would。 

     Our second question is so much more fundamental than our first that it 

must be discussed at once�察�and in the course of this discussion what needs 

to be said on our first question will find its place naturally。 

     Wages   or   Free   Sharing�拭�`Abolition   of   the   wages   system''   is   one   of 

the watchwords common to Anarchists and advanced Socialists。 But in its 

most natural sense it is a watchword to which only the Anarchists have a 

right。    In   the   Anarchist      conception      of   society    all   the   commoner 

commodities   will   be   available   to   everyone   without   stint�察  �in   the   kind   of 

way in which water is available at present。��41�А�Advo´ cates of this system 

point out that it applies already to many things which formerly had to be 

paid for�察�e。g。�察�roads and bridges。 They point out that it might very easily be 

extended to trams and   local trains。 They  proceed to argueas  Kropotkin 

does by means of his proofs that the soil might be made indefinitely more 

productivethat all the commoner kinds of food could be given away to 

all   who    demanded      them�察  �since   it  would    be  easy   to  produce     them   in 

quantities adequate to any possible demand。 If this system were extended 

to all the necessaries of life�察�everyone's bare livelihood would be secured�察�

quite regardless of the way in which he might choose to spend his time。 As 

for commodities which cannot be produced in indefinite quantities�察�such 

as luxuries and delicacies�察�they also�察�according to the Anarchists�察�are to be 

distributed     without    payment�察    �but  on   a  system    of  rations�察  �the   amount 

available being divided equally among the population。 No doubt�察�though 

this   is   not   said�察  �something   like   a   price   will   have   to   be   put   upon   these 

luxuries�察�so that a man may be free to choose how he will take his share�此�

one man will prefer good wine�察�another the finest Havana cigars�察�another 

pictures or beautiful furniture。 Presumably�察�every man will be allowed to 

take such luxuries as are his due in whatever form he prefers�察�the relative 

prices being fixed so as to equalize the demand。 In such a world as this�察�



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the economic stimulus to production will have wholly disappeared�察�and if 

work is to continue it must be from other motives。��42�А�

       ��41�А �`Notwithstanding the egotistic turn given to the public mind by 

the    merchant´production          of  our   century�察   �the   Communist        tendency      is 

continually reasserting itself   and trying   to   make   its way  into public life。 

The   penny   bridge   disappears   before   the   public   bridge�察  �and   the   turnpike 

road   before   the   free   road。   The   same   spirit   pervades   thousands   of   other 

institutions。   Museums�察  �free   libraries�察  �and   free   public   schools�察  �parks   and 

pleasure     grounds�察    �paved    and    lighted   streets�察  �free  for   everybody's      use�察�

water   supplied   to   private   dwellings�察  �with   a   growing   tendency   towards 

disregarding the exact amount of it used by the individual�察�tramways and 

railways   which have   already  begun to introduce   the   season   ticket   or   the 

uniform tax�察�and will surely go much further on this line when they are no 

longer   private   property�此  �all   these   are   tokens   showing   in   what   direction 

further progress is to be expected。''Kropotkin�察 �`Anarchist Communism。'' 

     ��42�А�An able discussion of this question�察�at of various others�察�from the 

standpoint   of   reasoned   and   temperate   opposition   to   Anarchism�察  �will   be 

found in Alfred Naquet's ``L'Anarchie et le Collectivisme��'' Paris�察�1904。 

       Is such a system possible�拭�First�察�is it technically possible to provide 

the necessaries of life in such large quantities as would be needed if every 

man and woman could take as much of them from the public stores as he 

or she might desire�拭�

     The idea of purchase and payment is so familiar that the proposal to do 

away  with it   must be   thought at first   fantastic。 Yet   I do not believe it is 

nearly so fantastic as it seems。 Even if we could all have bread for nothing�察�

we should not want more than a quite limited amount。 As things are�察�the 

cost   of   bread   to   the   rich   is   so   small   a   proportion   of   their   income   as   to 

afford   practically   no   check   upon   their   consumption�察  �yet   the   amount   of 

bread that they consume could easily be supplied to the whole population 

by improved methods of agriculture ��I am not speaking of war´time��。 The 

amount   of   food   that   people   desire   has   natural   limits�察  �and   the   waste   that 

would   be   incurred   would   probably   not   be   very   great。 As   the Anarchists 

point out�察�people at present enjoy an unlimited water supply but very few 

leave the taps running when they are not using them。 And one may assume 



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that public opinion would be opposed to excessive waste。 We may lay it 

down�察�I think�察�that the principle of unlimited supply could be adopted in 

regard to all commodities for which the demand has limits that fall short 

of what can be easily produced。 And this would be the case�察�if production 

were efficiently organized�察�with the necessaries of life�察�including not only 

commodities�察�but also such things as education。 Even if all education were 

free    up    to  the   highest�察    �young     people�察   �unless    they    were    radically 

transformed by the Anarchist regime�察�would not want more than a certain 

amount of it。 And the same applies to plain foods�察�plain clothes�察�and the 

rest of the things that supply o

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