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morality。 We must search for other remedies�察�and the remedies have been 

indicated long since。'' Kropotkin�察 �`Anarchist Communism��'' pp。 31´32。 

     ��52�А �`Anarchist Communism��'' p。 27。 

       The   conclusion�察     �which     appears    to  be   forced   upon    us�察  �is  that  the 

Anarchist ideal of a community in which no acts are forbidden by law is 

not�察  �at   any   rate   for   the   present�察  �compatible   with   the   stability   of   such   a 

world   as   the Anarchists   desire。   In   order   to   obtain   and   preserve   a   world 

resembling   as   closely   as   possible   that   at   which   they  aim�察  �it   will   still   be 

necessary that some acts should be forbidden by law。 We may put the chief 

of these under three heads�此�

     1。 Theft。 

     2。 Crimes of violence。 

     3。   The   creation    of   organizations   intended   to   subvert       the   Anarchist 

regime by force。 

     We     will  briefly   recapitulate     what    has   been   said   already    as   to  the 

necessity of these prohibitions。 

     1。   Theft。It    is  true   that  in   an   Anarchist     world    there   will   be   no 

destitution�察�and therefore no thefts motivated by starvation。 But such thefts 

are at present by no means the most considerable or the most harmful。 The 

system  of   rationing�察  �which   is   to   be   applied   to  luxuries�察  �will   leave   many 

men with fewer luxuries than they might desire。 It will give opportunities 

for peculation by those who are in control of the public stores�察�and it will 

leave the possibility of appropriating such valuable objects of art as would 

naturally be preserved in public museums。 It may be contended that such 

forms of theft would be prevented by public opinion。 But public opinion is 

not greatly operative upon an individual unless it is the opinion of his own 

group。 A group of men combined for purposes of theft might readily defy 

the public opinion of the majority unless that public opinion made itself 

effective   by   the   use   of   force   against   them。   Probably�察  �in   fact�察  �such   force 



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would be applied through popular indignation�察�but in that case we should 

revive   the   evils   of   the   criminal   law   with   the   added   evils   of   uncertainty�察�

haste and passion�察�which are inseparable from the practice of lynching。 If�察�

as   we   have   suggested�察  �it   were   found   necessary   to   provide   an   economic 

stimulus to work by allowing fewer luxuries to idlers�察�this would afford a 

new motive for theft on their part and a new necessity for some form of 

criminal law。 

     2。 Crimes of Violence。Cruelty to children�察�crimes of jealousy�察�rape�察�

and so forth�察�are almost certain to occur in any society to some extent。 The 

prevention   of   such   acts   is   essential   to   the   existence   of   freedom   for   the 

weak。   If   nothing   were   done   to   hinder   them�察  �it   is   to   be   feared   that   the 

customs of a society would gradually become rougher�察�and that acts which 

are now rare would cease to be so。 If Anarchists are right in maintaining 

that   the   existence     of  such   an   economic      system     as  they   desire   would 

prevent the commission of crimes of this kind�察�the laws forbidding them 

would no longer come into operation�察�and would do no harm to liberty。 If�察�

on   the   other   hand�察  �the   impulse   to   such   actions   persisted�察  �it   would   be 

necessary that steps should be taken to restrain men from indulging it。 

     3。 The third class of difficulties is much the most serious and involves 

much the most drastic interference with liberty。 I do not see how a private 

army could be tolerated within an Anarchist community�察�and I do not see 

how it could be prevented except by a general prohibition of carrying arms。 

If there were no such prohibition�察�rival parties would organize rival forces�察�

and civil war would result。 Yet�察�if there is such a prohibition�察�it cannot well 

be   carried   out   without   a   very   considerable   interference   with   individual 

liberty。   No   doubt�察  �after   a   time�察  �the   idea   of   using   violence   to   achieve   a 

political object might die down�察�as the practice of duelling has done。 But 

such changes of habit and outlook are facilitated by legal prohibition�察�and 

would      hardly    come     about    without     it。  I  shall   not   speak    yet   of   the 

international aspect of this same problem�察�for I propose to deal with that in 

the   next   chapter�察  �but   it   is   clear   that   the   same   considerations   apply   with 

even greater force to the relations between nations。 

     If we admit�察�however reluctantly�察�that a criminal law is necessary and 

that the force of the community must be brought to bear to prevent certain 



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kinds   of   actions�察  �a   further   question   arises�此  �How   is   crime   to   be   treated�拭�

What is the greatest measure of humanity and respect for freedom that is 

compatible with the recognition of such a thing as crime�拭�The first thing to 

recognize   is   that   the   whole   conception   of   guilt   or   sin   should   be   utterly 

swept away。 At present�察�the criminal is visited with the displeasure of the 

community�此�the sole method applied to prevent the occurrence of crime is 

the   infliction   of   pain   upon   the   criminal。   Everything   possible   is   done   to 

break   his   spirit   and   destroy  his   self´respect。  Even   those   pleasures   which 

would   be   most   likely   to   have   a   civilizing   effect   are   forbidden   to   him�察�

merely on the ground that they are pleasures�察�while much of the suffering 

inflicted is of a kind which can only brutalize and degrade still further。 I 

am   not   speaking�察  �of   course�察  �of   those   few   penal   institutions   which   have 

made      a   serious    study    of   reforming      the   criminal。     Such    institutions�察�

especially   in America�察  �have   been   proved   capable   of   achieving   the   most 

remarkable   results�察  �but   they   remain   everywhere   exceptional。   The   broad 

rule is still that the criminal is made to feel the displeasure of society。 He 

must     emerge      from     such    a  treatment      either   defiant    and    hostile�察   �or 

submissive   and   cringing�察  �with   a   broken   spirit   and   a   loss   of   self´respect。 

Neither of these results is anything but evil。 Nor can any good result be 

achieved by a method of treatment which embodies reprobation。 

     When a man is suffering from an infectious disease he is a danger to 

the community�察�and it is necessary to restrict his liberty of movement。 But 

no one associates any idea of guilt with such a situation。 On the contrary�察�

he   is   an   object   of   commiseration   to   his   friends。   Such   steps   as   science 

recommends are taken to cure him of his disease�察�and he submits as a rule 

without reluctance to the curtailment of liberty involved meanwhile。 The 

same method in spirit ought to be shown in the treatment of what is called 

``crime。''     It  is  supposed�察    �of   course�察   �that  the   criminal     is  actuated     by 

calculations of self´interest�察�and that the fear of punishment�察�by supplying 

a contrary motive of self´interest affords the best deterrent�察                       �The dog�察�

to gain some private end�察                        �Went mad and bit the man。 

     This is the popular view of crime�察�yet no dog goes mad from choice�察�

and probably the same is true of the great majority of criminals�察�certainly 

in the case of crimes of passion。 Even in cases where self´interest is the 



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