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       ��48�А   �`On   the   other   hand�察  �the   STATE   has   also   been   confused   with 

GOVERNMENT。   As   there   can   be   no   State   without   government�察  �it   has 

been   sometimes   said   that   it   is   the   absence   of   government�察  �and   not   the 

abolition of the State�察�that should be the aim。 

     ``It   seems   to   me�察  �however�察  �that   State   and   government   represent   two 

ideas of a different kind。 The State idea implies quite another idea to that 

of government。 It not only includes the existence of a power placed above 

society�察  �but   also   a   territorial   concentration   and   a   concentration   of   many 

functions   of   the   life   of   society   in   the   hands   of   a   few   or   even   of   all。   It 

implies new relations among the members of society。 

     ``This characteristic distinction�察�which perhaps escapes notice at first 

sight�察�appears clearly when the origin of the State is studied。'' Kropotkin�察�

``The State。'' p。 4。 

     ��49�А    �Representative       government       has   accomplished        its  historical 

mission�察�it has given a mortal blow to Court´rule�察�and by its debates it has 

awakened        public   interest   in   public    questions。    But�察   �to  see   in  it  the 

government of the future Socialist society�察�is to commit a gross error。 Each 

economical       phase    of   life  implies    its  own    political    phase�察   �and   it  is 

impossible to touch the very basis of the present economical lifeprivate 



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property without a corresponding change in the very basis of the political 

organization。   Life   already   shows   in   which   direction   the   change   will   be 

made。 Not in   increasing the powers   of the  State�察�but in   resorting to  free 

organization       and   free   federation    in  all  those   branches     which     are  now 

considered        as    attributes      of    the    State。''    Kropotkin�察       �`Anarchist 

Communism��'' pp。 28´29。 

       Attractive as this view is�察�I cannot resist the conclusion that it results 

from impatience and represents the attempt to find a short´cut toward the 

ideal which all humane people desire。 

     Let    us   begin    with    the  question     of   private    crime。��50�А    �Anarchists 

maintain   that   the   criminal   is   manufactured   by  bad   social   conditions   and 

would   disappear   in   such   a   world   as   they   aim   at   creating。��51�А  �No   doubt 

there is a great measure of truth in this view。 There would be little motive 

to robbery�察�for example�察�in an Anarchist world�察�unless it were organized on 

a large scale by a body of men bent on upsetting the Anarchist regime。 It 

may   also   be   conceded   that   impulses   toward   criminal   violence   could   be 

very largely eliminated by a better education。 But all such contentions�察�it 

seems to me�察�have their limitations。 To take an extreme case�察�we cannot 

suppose that there would be no lunatics in an Anarchist community�察�and 

some   of   these   lunatics   would�察  �no   doubt�察  �be   homicidal。   Probably   no   one 

would   argue  that   they  ought   to   be   left   at   liberty。   But   there   are   no   sharp 

lines   in   nature�察  �from   the   homicidal   lunatic   to   the   sane   man   of   violent 

passions      there   is  a   continuous      gradation。     Even    in   the   most    perfect 

community there will be men and women�察�otherwise sane�察�who will feel 

an    impulse     to  commit     murder     from    jealousy。    These     are  now     usually 

restrained by the fear of punishment�察�but if this fear were removed�察�such 

murders   would   probably   become   much   more   common�察  �as   may   be   seen 

from the present behavior of certain soldiers on leave。 Moreover�察�certain 

kinds of conduct arouse public hostility�察�and would almost inevitably lead 

to lynching�察�if no other recognized method of punishment existed。 There is 

in most men a certain natural vindictiveness�察�not always directed against 

the   worst   members   of   the   community。   For   example�察  �Spinoza   was   very 

nearly     murdered       by   the   mob     because     he   was     suspected     of   undue 

friendliness to France at a time when Holland was at war with that country。 



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Apart     from    such    cases�察   �there   would     be   the   very    real  danger     of   an 

organized attempt to destroy Anarchism and revive ancient oppressions。 Is 

it to   be   supposed�察  �for   example�察  �that   Napoleon�察  �if   he   had   been   born   into 

such a community as Kropotkin advocates�察�would have acquiesced tamely 

in a world where his genius could find no scope�拭�I cannot see what should 

prevent a combination of ambitious men forming themselves into a private 

army�察    �manufacturing        their   own     munitions�察    �and    at  last   enslaving     the 

defenseless   citizens�察  �who   had   relied   upon   the   inherent   attractiveness   of 

liberty。 It would not be consistent with the principles of Anarchism for the 

community to interfere with the drilling of a private army�察�no matter what 

its objects might be ��though�察�of course�察�an opposing private army might be 

formed by men with different views��。 Indeed�察�Kropotkin instances the old 

volunteers   in   Great   Britain   as   an   example   of   a   movement   on Anarchist 

lines。��52�А�Even if a predatory army were not formed from within�察�it might 

easily come from a neighboring nation�察�or from races on the borderland of 

civilization。 So long as the love of power exists�察�I do not see how it can be 

prevented   from   finding   an   outlet   in   oppression   except   by   means   of   the 

organized force of the community。 

        ��50�А  �On   this   subject   there   is   an   excellent   discussion   in   the   before´ 

mentioned work of Monsieur Naquet。 

     ��51�А     �`As   to   the   thirdthe    chiefobjection�察      �which    maintains      the 

necessity   of     a  government       for  punishing      those   who    break    the   law   of 

society�察  �there   is   so   much   to   say   about   it   that   it   hardly   can   be   touched 

incidentally。 The more we study the question�察�the more we are brought to 

the   conclusion   that   society   itself   is   responsible   for   the   anti´social   deeds 

perpetrated      in   its  midst�察  �and   that   no   punishment�察     �no   prisons�察   �and    no 

hangmen   can   diminish   the   numbers   of   such   deeds�察  �nothing   short   of   a 

reorganization   of   society   itself。   Three´quarters   of   all   the   acts   which   are 

brought every  year before our courts   have their origin�察�either directly  or 

indirectly�察 �in   the   present   disorganized state   of   society  with   regard   to   the 

production       and   distribution     of  wealthnot     in   the  perversity   of    human 

nature。 As to the relatively few anti´social deeds which result from anti´ 

social inclinations of separate individuals�察�it is not by prisons�察�nor even by 

resorting   to   the   hangmen�察  �that   we   can   diminish   their   numbers。   By   our 



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prisons�察    �we    merely     multiply     them    and    render    them    worse。     By   our 

detectives�察�our `price of blood��' our executions�察�and our jails�察�we spread in 

society   such   a   terrible   flow   of   basest   passions   and   habits�察  �that   he   who 

should realize the effects of these institutions to their full extent�察�would be 

frightened      by   what    society   is  doing    under    the   pretext   of   maintaining 

morality。 We must search 

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