proposed roads to freedom(宥吏徭喇岻揃)-及29嫗
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!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
��48�А �`On the other hand�察 �the STATE has also been confused with
GOVERNMENT。 As there can be no State without government�察 �it has
been sometimes said that it is the absence of government�察 �and not the
abolition of the State�察�that should be the aim。
``It seems to me�察 �however�察 �that State and government represent two
ideas of a different kind。 The State idea implies quite another idea to that
of government。 It not only includes the existence of a power placed above
society�察 �but also a territorial concentration and a concentration of many
functions of the life of society in the hands of a few or even of all。 It
implies new relations among the members of society。
``This characteristic distinction�察�which perhaps escapes notice at first
sight�察�appears clearly when the origin of the State is studied。'' Kropotkin�察�
``The State。'' p。 4。
��49�А �Representative government has accomplished its historical
mission�察�it has given a mortal blow to Court´rule�察�and by its debates it has
awakened public interest in public questions。 But�察 �to see in it the
government of the future Socialist society�察�is to commit a gross error。 Each
economical phase of life implies its own political phase�察 �and it is
impossible to touch the very basis of the present economical lifeprivate
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property without a corresponding change in the very basis of the political
organization。 Life already shows in which direction the change will be
made。 Not in increasing the powers of the State�察�but in resorting to free
organization and free federation in all those branches which are now
considered as attributes of the State。'' Kropotkin�察 �`Anarchist
Communism��'' pp。 28´29。
Attractive as this view is�察�I cannot resist the conclusion that it results
from impatience and represents the attempt to find a short´cut toward the
ideal which all humane people desire。
Let us begin with the question of private crime。��50�А �Anarchists
maintain that the criminal is manufactured by bad social conditions and
would disappear in such a world as they aim at creating。��51�А �No doubt
there is a great measure of truth in this view。 There would be little motive
to robbery�察�for example�察�in an Anarchist world�察�unless it were organized on
a large scale by a body of men bent on upsetting the Anarchist regime。 It
may also be conceded that impulses toward criminal violence could be
very largely eliminated by a better education。 But all such contentions�察�it
seems to me�察�have their limitations。 To take an extreme case�察�we cannot
suppose that there would be no lunatics in an Anarchist community�察�and
some of these lunatics would�察 �no doubt�察 �be homicidal。 Probably no one
would argue that they ought to be left at liberty。 But there are no sharp
lines in nature�察 �from the homicidal lunatic to the sane man of violent
passions there is a continuous gradation。 Even in the most perfect
community there will be men and women�察�otherwise sane�察�who will feel
an impulse to commit murder from jealousy。 These are now usually
restrained by the fear of punishment�察�but if this fear were removed�察�such
murders would probably become much more common�察 �as may be seen
from the present behavior of certain soldiers on leave。 Moreover�察�certain
kinds of conduct arouse public hostility�察�and would almost inevitably lead
to lynching�察�if no other recognized method of punishment existed。 There is
in most men a certain natural vindictiveness�察�not always directed against
the worst members of the community。 For example�察 �Spinoza was very
nearly murdered by the mob because he was suspected of undue
friendliness to France at a time when Holland was at war with that country。
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Apart from such cases�察 �there would be the very real danger of an
organized attempt to destroy Anarchism and revive ancient oppressions。 Is
it to be supposed�察 �for example�察 �that Napoleon�察 �if he had been born into
such a community as Kropotkin advocates�察�would have acquiesced tamely
in a world where his genius could find no scope�拭�I cannot see what should
prevent a combination of ambitious men forming themselves into a private
army�察 �manufacturing their own munitions�察 �and at last enslaving the
defenseless citizens�察 �who had relied upon the inherent attractiveness of
liberty。 It would not be consistent with the principles of Anarchism for the
community to interfere with the drilling of a private army�察�no matter what
its objects might be ��though�察�of course�察�an opposing private army might be
formed by men with different views��。 Indeed�察�Kropotkin instances the old
volunteers in Great Britain as an example of a movement on Anarchist
lines。��52�А�Even if a predatory army were not formed from within�察�it might
easily come from a neighboring nation�察�or from races on the borderland of
civilization。 So long as the love of power exists�察�I do not see how it can be
prevented from finding an outlet in oppression except by means of the
organized force of the community。
��50�А �On this subject there is an excellent discussion in the before´
mentioned work of Monsieur Naquet。
��51�А �`As to the thirdthe chiefobjection�察 �which maintains the
necessity of a government for punishing those who break the law of
society�察 �there is so much to say about it that it hardly can be touched
incidentally。 The more we study the question�察�the more we are brought to
the conclusion that society itself is responsible for the anti´social deeds
perpetrated in its midst�察 �and that no punishment�察 �no prisons�察 �and no
hangmen can diminish the numbers of such deeds�察 �nothing short of a
reorganization of society itself。 Three´quarters of all the acts which are
brought every year before our courts have their origin�察�either directly or
indirectly�察 �in the present disorganized state of society with regard to the
production and distribution of wealthnot in the perversity of human
nature。 As to the relatively few anti´social deeds which result from anti´
social inclinations of separate individuals�察�it is not by prisons�察�nor even by
resorting to the hangmen�察 �that we can diminish their numbers。 By our
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prisons�察 �we merely multiply them and render them worse。 By our
detectives�察�our `price of blood��' our executions�察�and our jails�察�we spread in
society such a terrible flow of basest passions and habits�察 �that he who
should realize the effects of these institutions to their full extent�察�would be
frightened by what society is doing under the pretext of maintaining
morality。 We must search