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from thwarted instinct�察�and from the impossibility of realizing an imagined 

happiness。 Envy cannot be cured by preaching�察�preaching�察�at the best�察�will 

only   alter   its   manifestations   and   lead   it   to   adopt   more   subtle   forms   of 

concealment。 Except in those rare natures in which generosity dominates 

in spite of circumstances�察�the only cure for envy is freedom and the joy of 

life。 From populations largely deprived of the simple instinctive pleasures 

of leisure and love�察�sunshine and green fields�察�generosity of outlook and 



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kindliness of dispositions are hardly to be expected。 In such populations 

these qualities are not likely to be found�察�even among the fortunate few�察�

for   these   few   are   aware�察  �however   dimly�察  �that   they   are   profiting   by   an 

injustice�察�and that they can only continue to enjoy their good fortune by 

deliberately ignoring those with whom it is not shared。 If generosity and 

kindliness   are   to   be   common�察  �there   must   be   more   care   than   there   is   at 

present   for   the   elementary   wants   of   human   nature�察  �and   more   realization 

that the diffusion of happiness among all who are not the victims of some 

peculiar     misfortune     is  both   possible    and   imperative。     A   world    full  of 

happiness would not wish to plunge into war�察�and would not be filled with 

that   grudging   hostility   which   our   cramped   and   narrow   existence   forces 

upon   average   human   nature。   A   world   full   of   happiness   is   not   beyond 

human power to create�察�the obstacles imposed by inanimate nature are not 

insuperable。 The   real   obstacles   lie   in   the   heart   of   man�察  �and   the   cure   for 

these is a firm hope�察�informed and fortified by thought。 



                                    CHAPTER VII 



                    SCIENCE AND ART UNDER SOCIALISM 

       SOCIALISM has been advocated by most of its champions chiefly as 

a means of increasing the welfare of the wage earning classes�察�and more 

particularly their material welfare。 It has seemed accordingly�察�to some men 

whose aims are not material�察�as if it has nothing to offer toward the general 

advancement   of   civilization   in   the   way   of   art   and   thought。   Some   of   its 

advocates�察     �moreoverand       among      these   Marx     must   be   includedhave 

written�察 �no   doubt   not   deliberately�察  �as   if   with   the   Socialist   revolution   the 

millennium   would   have   arrived�察  �and   there   would   be   no   need   of   further 

progress   for   the   human   race。   I   do   not   know   whether   our   age   is   more 

restless than that which preceded it�察�or whether it has merely become more 

impregnated with the idea of evolution�察�but�察�for whatever reason�察�we have 

grown      incapable     of  believing    in  a   state  of  static   perfection�察   �and   we 

demand�察�of any social system�察�which is to have our approval�察�that it shall 

contain     within    itself  a  stimulus     and   opportunity     for   progress    toward 

something still better。 The doubts thus raised by Socialist writers make it 



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necessary to inquire whether Socialism would in fact be hostile to art and 

science�察�and whether it would be likely to produce a stereotyped society in 

which progress would become difficult and slow。 

     It is not enough that men and women should be made comfortable in a 

material sense。 Many members of the well´to´do classes at present�察�in spite 

of opportunity�察�contribute nothing of value to the life of the world�察�and do 

not    even   succeed    in  securing    for   themselves     any   personal    happiness 

worthy to be so called。 The multiplication of such individuals would be an 

achievement of the very minutest value�察�and if Socialism were merely to 

bestow upon all the kind of life and outlook which is now enjoyed by the 

more     apathetic   among     the   well´to´do�察   �it  would   offer   little  that  could 

inspire enthusiasm in any generous spirit。 

     ``The true role of collective existence��'' says M。 Naquet�撮�57��'' 。 。 。 is to 

learn�察�to discover�察�to know。 Eating�察�drinking�察�sleeping�察�living�察�in a word�察�is 

a mere accessory。 In this respect�察�we are not distinguished from the brute。 

Knowledge        is  the  goal。   If  I  were   condemned       to  choose     between     a 

humanity materially happy�察�glutted after the manner of a flock of sheep in 

a field�察�and a humanity existing in misery�察�but from which emanated�察�here 

and there�察�some eternal truth�察�it is on the latter that my choice would fall。'' 

       ��57�А �`L'Anarchie et le Collectivisme��'' p。 114。 

       This statement puts the alternative in a very extreme form in which it 

is somewhat unreal。 It may be said in reply that for those who have had the 

leisure and the opportunity to enjoy ``eternal truths'' it is easy to exalt their 

importance at the expense of sufferings which fall on others。 This is true�察�

but�察�if it is taken as disposing of the question�察�it leaves out of account the 

importance   of   thought   for   progress。   Viewing   the   life   of   mankind   as   a 

whole�察�in the future as well as in the present�察�there can be no question that 

a society in which some men pursue knowledge while others endure great 

poverty offers more hope of ultimate good than a society in which all are 

sunk in slothful comfort。 It is true that poverty is a great evil�察�but it is not 

true that material prosperity is in itself a great good。 If it is to have any 

real value to society�察�it must be made a means to the advancement of those 

higher goods that belong to the life of the mind。 But the life of the mind 

does not consist of thought and knowledge alone�察�nor can it be completely 



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healthy unless it has some instinctive contact�察�however deeply buried�察�with 

the   general    life  of  the   community。      Divorced     from    the  social   instinct�察�

thought�察�like art�察�tends to become finicky and precious。 It is the position of 

such art and thought as is imbued with the instinctive sense of service to 

mankind that we wish to consider�察�for it is this alone that makes up the life 

of   the   mind   in   the   sense   in   which   it   is   a   vital   part   of   the   life   of   the 

community。 Will the life of the mind in this sense be helped or hindered by 

Socialism�拭�And will there still be a sufficient spur to progress to prevent a 

condition of Byzantine immobility�拭�

     In considering this question we are�察�in a certain sense�察�passing outside 

the   atmosphere   of   democracy。   The        general   good   of   the   community   is 

realized   only   in   individuals�察  �but   it   is   realized   much   more   fully   in   some 

individuals      than    in  others。    Some     men     have    a  comprehensive        and 

penetrating intellect�察�enabling them to appreciate and remember what has 

been     thought    and   known     by   their  predecessors�察    �and   to  discover     new 

regions in which they enjoy all the high delights of the mental explorer。 

Others      have    the  power     of   creating    beauty�察   �giving    bodily    form    to 

impalpable visions out of which joy comes to many。 Such men are more 

fortunate than the mass�察�and also more important for the collective life。 A 

larger share of the general sum of good is concentrated in them than in the 

ordinary man and woman�察�but also their contribution to the general good is 

greater。 They stand out among men and cannot be wholly fitted into the 

framework   of   democratic   equalit

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