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these evils are unavoidable�察�I say only that they will not be avoided unless 

they are foreseen and a deliberate conscious effort is made to prevent their 

realization。     If  the   white    communities       should    ever   reach    the   point   of 

wishing to carry out as far as possible the principles underlying the revolt 

against capitalism�察�they will have to find a way of establishing an absolute 

disinterestedness in their dealings with subject races。 It will be necessary 

to avoid the faintest suggestion of capitalistic profit in the government of 

Africa�察�and to spend in the countries themselves whatever they would be 

able   to   spend   if   they   were   self´governing。   Moreover�察  �it   must   always   be 

remembered that backwardness in civilization is not necessarily incurable�察�

and   that   with   time   even   the   populations   of   Central Africa   may   become 

capable   of   democratic   self´government�察  �provided   Europeans   bend   their 

energies to this purpose。 

     The problem of Africa is�察�of course�察�a part of the wider problems of 

Imperialism�察      �but   it  is  that  part   in  which     the  application     of   Socialist 

principles   is   most   difficult。   In   regard   to   Asia�察  �and   more   particularly   in 

regard to India and Persia�察�the application of principles is clear in theory 

though   difficult   in   political     practice。   The   obstacles   to    self´government 

which   exist   in   Africa   do   not   exist   in   the   same   measure   in   Asia。   What 

stands   in   the   way  of   freedom   of Asiatic   populations   is   not   their   lack   of 

intelligence�察�but only their lack of military prowess�察�which makes them an 

easy     prey   to  our   lust   for  dominion。      This   lust   would     probably     be  in 

temporary abeyance on the morrow of a Socialist revolution�察�and at such a 

moment        a   new    departure      in   Asiatic    policy     might    be    taken    with 

permanently beneficial   results。  I do   not   mean�察 �of course�察 �that   we should 

force   upon   India   that   form   of   democratic   government   which   we   have 

developed for our own needs。 I mean rather that we should leave India to 

choose its own form of government�察�its own manner of education and its 

own type of civilization。 India has an ancient tradition�察�very different from 

that of Western Europe�察�a tradition highly valued by educated Hindoos�察�but 

not loved by our schools and colleges。 The Hindoo Nationalist feels that 

his   country   has   a   type   of   culture   containing   elements   of   value   that   are 



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absent�察�or much less marked�察�in the West�察�he wishes to be free to preserve 

this�察�and   desires political freedom  for   such   reasons rather   than   for those 

that   would   most   naturally   appeal   to   an   Englishman   in   the   same   subject 

position。 The belief of the European in his own Kultur tends to be fanatical 

and     ruthless�察   �and    for   this   reason�察   �as   much     as   for   any    other�察   �the 

independence   of   extra´European   civilization   is   of   real   importance   to   the 

world�察�for it is not by a dead uniformity that the world as a whole is most 

enriched。 

     I   have   set   forth   strongly   all   the   major   difficulties   in   the   way   of   the 

preservation of the world's peace�察�not because I believe these difficulties to 

be   insuperable�察  �but�察  �on   the   contrary�察  �because   I   believe   that   they   can   be 

overcome if they are recognized。 A correct diagnosis is necessarily the first 

step toward a cure。 The existing evils in international relations spring�察�at 

bottom�察�from psychological causes�察�from motives forming part of human 

nature as it is at present。 Among these the chief are competitiveness�察�love 

of power�察�and envy�察�using envy in that broad sense in which it includes the 

instinctive   dislike   of   any   gain   to   others   not   accompanied   by   an   at   least 

equal gain to ourselves。 The evils arising from these three causes can be 

removed by a better education and a better economic and political system。 

     Competitiveness   is   by   no   means   wholly   an   evil。   When   it   takes   the 

form   of   emulation   in   the   service   of   the   public�察  �or   in   discovery   or   the 

production of works of art�察�it may become a very useful stimulus�察�urging 

men   to   profitable   effort   beyond   what   they   would   otherwise   make。   It   is 

only harmful when it aims at the acquisition of goods which are limited in 

amount�察�so that what one man possesses he holds at the expense of another。 

When   competitiveness   takes   this   form  it   is   necessarily   attended   by   fear�察�

and out of fear cruelty is almost inevitably developed。 But a social system 

providing for a more just distribution of material goods might close to the 

instinct   of   competitiveness   those   channels   in   which   it   is   harmful�察  �and 

cause it to flow instead in channels in which it would become a benefit to 

mankind。 This is one great reason why the communal ownership of land 

and capital would be likely to have a beneficial effect upon human nature�察�

for human nature�察�as it exists in adult men and women�察�is by no means a 

fixed   datum�察  �but   a   product   of   circumstances�察  �education   and   opportunity 



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operating upon a highly malleable native disposition。 

     What is true of competitiveness is equally true of love of power。 Power�察�

in   the   form   in   which   it   is   now   usually   sought�察  �is   power   of   command�察�

power   of   imposing   one's   will   upon   others   by   force�察  �open   or   concealed。 

This form of power consists�察�in essence�察�in thwarting others�察�for it is only 

displayed when others are compelled to do what they do not wish to do。 

Such power�察 �we  hope�察 �the social system  which is to   supersede  capitalist 

will   reduce    to  a  minimum       by   the  methods     which    we    outlined    in  the 

preceding chapter。 These methods can be applied in international no less 

than    in  national    affairs。   In  international     affairs  the   same    formula     of 

federalism   will   apply�此  �self´   determination   for   every   group   in   regard   to 

matters which concern it much more vitally than they concern others�察�and 

government by a neutral authority embracing rival groups in all matters in 

which conflicting interests of groups come into play�察�lout always with the 

fixed principle that the functions of government are to be reduced to the 

bare    minimum       compatible     with    justice   and   the  prevention     of   private 

violence。 In such a world the present harmful outlets for the love of power 

would be closed。 But the power which consists in persuasion�察�in teaching�察�

in leading men to a new wisdom or the realization of new possibilities of 

happinessthis   kind   of   power�察  �which   may   be   wholly   beneficial�察  �would 

remain     untouched�察     �and   many   vigorous      men�察   �who    in  the  actual   world 

devote   their   energies   to   domination�察  �would   in   such   a   world   find   their 

energies directed to the creation of new goods rather than the perpetuation 

of ancient evils。 

     Envy�察  �the   third   of   the   psychological   causes   to   which   we   attributed 

what is bad in the actual world�察�depends in most natures upon that kind of 

fundamental   discontent   which   springs   from   a   lack   of   free   development�察�

from thwarted instinct�察�and from the impossibility of realizing an imagined 

happiness。 Envy cannot be cured by preaching�察�preaching�察�at the best�察�will 

only   alter   it

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