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machine�察�by  the over´looker�察 �and�察�above  all�察�by  the individual bourgeois 

manufacturer himself。 The more openly this despotism proclaims gain to 



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                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



be    its  end  and    aim�察  �the  more    petty�察  �the  more    hateful�察   �and   the  more 

embittering it is。'' 

     The Manifesto tells next   the manner  of growth   of the  class   struggle。 

``The   proletariat   goes   through   various   stages   of   development。   With   its 

birth begins its struggle with the bourgeoisie。 At first the contest is carried 

on by individual laborers�察�then by the workpeople of a factory�察�then by the 

operatives   of   one   trade�察  �in   one   locality�察  �against   the  individual   bourgeois 

who     directly   exploits    them。    They    direct   their  attacks    not  against    the 

bourgeois      conditions      of   production�察    �but   against    the   instruments      of 

production themselves。'' 

     ``At this stage the laborers still form an incoherent mass scattered over 

the    whole     country�察   �and   broken     up   by   their   mutual     competition。      If 

anywhere   they   unite   to   form   more   compact   bodies�察  �this   is   not   yet   the 

consequence of their own active union�察�but of the union of the bourgeoisie�察�

which class�察�in order to attain its own political ends�察�is compelled to set the 

whole proletariat in motion�察�and is moreover yet�察�for a time�察�able to do so。'' 

     ``The collisions between individual workmen and individual bourgeois 

take    more    and   more    the   character    of  collisions    between     two   classes。 

Thereupon       the   workers     begin    to  form    combinations      ��Trades     Unions�� 

against the  bourgeois�察�they  club   together  in order to keep up the  rate of 

wages�察  �they   found   permanent   associations   in   order   to   make   provision 

beforehand for these occasional revolts。 Here and there the contest breaks 

out into riots。 Now and then the workers are victorious�察�but only for a time。 

The real fruit of their battles lies�察�not in the immediate result�察�but in the 

ever´expanding union of the workers。 This union is helped on by the im´ 

proved means of communication that are created by modern industry�察�and 

that place the workers of different localities in contact with one another。 It 

was   just   this   contact   that   was   needed   to   centralize   the   numerous   local 

struggles�察  �all   of   the   same   character�察  �into   one   national   struggle   between 

classes。 But every class struggle is a political struggle。 And that union�察�to 

attain    which    the   burghers     of  the   Middle     Ages�察   �with   their   miserable 

highways�察�required centuries�察�the modern proletarians�察�thanks to railways�察�

achieve in a few years。 This organization of the proletarians into a class�察�

and consequently into a political party�察�is continually being upset again by 



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                             PROPOSED ROADS TO FREEDOM 



the competition between the workers themselves。 But it ever rises up again�察�

stronger�察�firmer�察 �mightier。 It compels legislative recognition of particular 

interests of the workers�察�by taking advantage of the divisions among the 

bourgeoisie itself。'' 

     ``In the conditions of the proletariat�察�those of old society at large are 

already     virtually    swamped。      The    proletarian     is  without    property�察    �his 

relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with 

the bourgeois family´relations�察�modern industrial labor�察�modern subjection 

to capital�察�the same in England as in France�察�in America as in Germany�察�

has    stripped    him   of  every    trace   of  national    character。   Law�察   �morality�察�

religion�察�are to him  so many  bourgeois prejudices�察  �behind which lurk in 

ambush just as many bourgeois interests。 All the preceding classes that got 

the    upper    hand�察   �sought     to  fortify   their   already    acquired     status   by 

subjecting      society    at  large   to  their   conditions     of  appropriation。      The 

proletarians   cannot   become   masters   of   the   productive   forces   of   society�察�

except     by   abolishing     their  own    previous     mode    of   appropriation�察    �and 

thereby     also   every   other    previous    mode     of  appropriation。     They    have 

nothing of their own to secure and to fortify�察�their mission is to destroy all 

previous securities for�察�and insurances of�察�individual property。 All previous 

historical movements were movements of minorities�察�or in the interest of 

minorities。   The   proletarian   movement   is   the   self´conscious�察  �independent 

movement        of  the   immense      majority�察   �in  the   interest   of  the   immense 

majority。 The proletariat�察�the lowest stratum of our present society�察�cannot 

stir�察  �cannot   raise   itself   up�察  �without   the   whole  super´   incumbent   strata   of 

official society being sprung into the air。'' 

     The Communists�察�says Marx�察�stand for the proletariat as a whole。 They 

are international。 ``The Communists are further reproached with desiring 

to abolish countries and nationality。 The working men have no country。 We 

cannot take from them what they have not got。'' 

     The   immediate   aim   of   the   Communists   is   the   conquests   of   political 

power by the proletariat。 ``The theory of the Communists may be summed 

up in the single sentence�此�Abolition of private property。'' 

     The    materialistic    interpretation     of  history    is  used   to  answer     such 

charges     as   that   Communism         is  anti´Christian。    ``The    charges     against 



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Communism made from a religious�察�a philosophical�察�and�察�generally�察�from 

an ideological standpoint�察�are not deserving of serious examination。 Does 

it   require    deep   intuition    to  comprehend        that   man's    ideas�察  �views    and 

conceptions�察      �in   one   word�察    �man's    consciousness�察      �changes     with    every 

change in the conditions of his material existence�察�in his social relations�察�

and in his social life��'' 

     The   attitude   of   the   Manifesto   to   the   State   is   not   altogether   easy   to 

grasp。     ``The   executive     of   the  modern      State��''  we   are   told�察   �`is  but  a 

Committee   for   managing   the   common   affairs   of the   whole   bourgeoisie。'' 

Nevertheless�察�the first step for the proletariat must be to acquire control of 

the State。 ``We have seen above�察�that the first step in the revolution by the 

working class�察�is to raise the proletariat to the position of ruling class�察�to 

win     the   battle   of   democracy。       The    proletariat     will   use   its  political 

supremacy        to  wrest�察   �by   degrees�察   �all  capital   from    the   bourgeoisie�察    �to 

centralize all instruments of production in the hands of the State�察�i。e。�察�of 

the  proletariat   organized   as   the   ruling   class�察  �and   to   increase   the   total   of 

productive forces as rapidly as possible。'' 

     The Manifesto passes on to an immediate program of reforms�察�which 

would in the first instance much increase the power of the existing State�察�

but it is contended that when the Socialist revolution is accomplished�察�the 

State�察�as we know it�察�will have ceased to exist。 As Engels says elsewhere�察�

when the   proletariat   seizes the   power   of the   State   ``it   puts   an   end   to   all 

differences of class and antagonisms of class�察�and consequently also puts 

an end to the State as a State。'' Thus�察�although State Socialism might�察�in 

fact�察  �be   the   outcome   of   the   proposals   of   Marx 

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