on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及9嫗
梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ○ 賜 ★ 辛酔堀貧和鍬匈��梓囚徒貧議 Enter 囚辛指欺云慕朕村匈��梓囚徒貧圭�鮗� ● 辛指欺云匈競何��
!!!!隆堋響頼��紗秘慕禰厮宴和肝写偬堋響��
motion of the kind�察�or absolutely�察�if the assertion were isolated。 ��6�� The
mind would then only tend to the affirmation of the sole motion of a
semicircle�察�which is not contained in the conception of a semicircle�察�and
does not arise from the conception of any cause capable of producing such
motion。 ��72��7�� Thus falsity consists only in this�察 �that something is
affirmed of a thing�察 �which is not contained in the conception we have
formed of that thing�察 �as motion or rest of a semicircle。 ��8�� Whence it
follows that simple ideas cannot be other than true ´ e。g。�察�the simple idea
of a semicircle�察 �of motion�察 �of rest�察 �of quantity�察 �&c。 ��72��9��
Whatsoever affirmation such ideas contain is equal to the concept formed�察�
and does not extend further。 ��10�� Wherefore we form as many simple
ideas as we please�察�without any fear of error。
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��73�А 。�1�� It only remains for us to inquire by what power our mind
can form true ideas�察 �and how far such power extends。 ��2�� It is certain
that such power cannot extend itself infinitely。 ��3�� For when we affirm
somewhat of a thing�察 �which is not contained in the concept we have
formed of that thing�察�such an affirmation shows a defect of our perception�察�
or that we have formed fragmentary or mutilated ideas。 ��4�� Thus we
have seen that the notion of a semicircle is false when it is isolated in the
mind�察 �but true when it is associated with the concept of a sphere�察 �or of
some cause determining such a motion。 ��73��5�� But if it be the nature of a
thinking being�察 �as seems�察 �prima facie�察 �to be the case�察 �to form true or
adequate thoughts�察�it is plain that inadequate ideas arise in us only because
we are parts of a thinking being�察�whose thoughts ´ some in their entirety�察�
others in fragments only ´ constitute our mind。
��74�А 。�1�� But there is another point to be considered�察�which was not
worth raising in the case of fiction�察 �but which give rise to complete
deception ´ namely�察�that certain things presented to the imagination also
exist in the understanding ´ in other words�察 �are conceived clearly and
distinctly。 ��2�� Hence�察�so long as we do not separate that which is distinct
from that which is confused�察 �certainty�察 �or the true idea�察 �becomes mixed
with indistinct ideas。 ��3�� For instance�察�certain Stoics heard�察�perhaps�察�the
term ;soul�察─ �and also that the soul is immortal�察 �yet imagined it only
confusedly�察 �they imaged�察 �also�察 �and understood that very subtle bodies
penetrate all others�察 �and are penetrated by none。 ��74��4�� By combining
these ideas�察�and being at the same time certain of the truth of the axiom�察�
they forthwith became convinced that the mind consists of very subtle
bodies�察�that these very subtle bodies cannot be divided &c。
��75�А 。�1�� But we are freed from mistakes of this kind�察�so long as we
endeavor to examine all our perceptions by the standard of the given true
idea。 ��2�� We must take care�察 �as has been said�察 �to separate such
perceptions from all those which arise from hearsay or unclassified
experience。 ��3�� Moreover�察 �such mistakes arise from things being
conceived too much in the abstract�察�for it is sufficiently self´evident that
what I conceive as in its true object I cannot apply to anything else。
��75��4�� Lastly�察 �they arise from a want of understanding of the primary
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elements of nature as a whole�察�whence we proceed without due order�察�and
confound nature with abstract rules�察�which�察�although they be true enough
in their sphere�察 �yet�察 �when misapplied�察 �confound themselves�察 �and pervert
the order of nature。 ��5�� However�察�if we proceed with as little abstraction
as possible�察�and begin from primary elements ´ that is�察�from the source and
origin of nature�察 �as far back as we can reach�察 � we need not fear any
deceptions of this kind。
��76�А。�1�� As far as the knowledge of the origin of nature is concerned�察�
there is no danger of our confounding it with abstractions。 ��2�� For when
a thing is conceived in the abstract�察�as are all universal notions�察�the said
universal notions are always more extensive in the mind than the number
of individuals forming their contents really existing in nature。 ��3�� Again�察�
there are many things in nature�察�the difference between which is so slight
as to be hardly perceptible to the understanding�察 �so that it may readily
happen that such things are confounded together�察 �if they be conceived
abstractedly。 ��4�� But since the first principle of nature cannot ��as we
shall see hereafter�� be conceived abstractedly or universally�察 �and cannot
extend further in the understanding than it does in reality�察 �and has no
likeness to mutable things�察�no confusion need be feared in respect to the
idea of it�察�provided ��as before shown�� that we possess a standard of truth。
��5�� This is�察�in fact�察�a being single and infinite ��76z�А。察�in other words�察�it is
the sum total of being�察�beyond which there is no being found。 ��76a�А�
��77�А 。�1�� Thus far we have treated of the false idea。 We have now to
investigate the doubtful idea ´ that is�察�to inquire what can cause us to doubt�察�
and how doubt may be removed。 ��2�� I speak of real doubt existing in the
mind�察�not of such doubt as we see exemplified when a man says that he
doubts�察�though his mind does not really hesitate。 ��77��3�� The cure of the
latter does not fall within the province of method�察 �it belongs rather to
inquiries concerning obstinacy and its cure。
��78�А 。�1�� Real doubt is never produced in the mind by the thing
doubted of。 ��2�� In other words�察�if there were only one idea in the mind�察�
whether that idea were true or false�察�there would be no doubt or certainty
present�察�only a certain sensation。 ��3�� For an idea is in itself nothing else
than a certain sensation。 ��4�� But doubt will arise through another idea�察�not
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clear and distinct enough for us to be able to draw any certain conclusions
with regard to the matter under consideration�察 �that is�察 �the idea which
causes us to doubt is not clear and distinct。 ��5�� To take an example。 ��78��6��
Supposing that a man has never reflected�察�taught by experience or by any
other means�察 �that our senses sometimes deceive us�察 �he will never doubt
whether the sun be greater or less than it appears。 ��7�� Thus rustics are
generally astonished when they hear that the sun is much larger than the
earth。 ��8�� But from reflection on the deceitfulness of the senses ��78a�А�
doubt arises�察 �and if�察 �after doubting�察 �we acquire a true knowledge of the
senses�察 �and