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on the improvement of the understanding(戻互堋響嬬薦)-及9嫗


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motion of the kind�察�or absolutely�察�if the assertion were isolated。                     ��6�� The 

mind   would   then   only   tend   to   the   affirmation   of   the   sole   motion   of   a 

semicircle�察�which is not contained in the conception of a semicircle�察�and 

does not arise from the conception of any cause capable of producing such 

motion。           ��72��7��   Thus   falsity   consists   only   in   this�察  �that   something   is 

affirmed   of   a   thing�察  �which   is   not   contained   in   the   conception   we   have 

formed   of   that   thing�察  �as   motion   or   rest   of   a   semicircle。   ��8��   Whence   it 

follows that simple ideas cannot be other than true ´ e。g。�察�the simple idea 

of    a   semicircle�察    �of   motion�察    �of   rest�察  �of   quantity�察   �&c。            ��72��9�� 

Whatsoever affirmation such ideas contain is equal to the concept formed�察�

and   does   not   extend   further。     ��10��   Wherefore   we   form   as   many   simple 

ideas as we please�察�without any fear of error。 



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     ��73�А    。�1��   It only  remains   for   us to inquire   by  what   power   our   mind 

can   form   true   ideas�察  �and   how   far   such   power   extends。        ��2��   It   is   certain 

that such power cannot extend itself infinitely。                  ��3�� For when we affirm 

somewhat   of   a   thing�察  �which   is   not   contained   in   the   concept   we   have 

formed of that thing�察�such an affirmation shows a defect of our perception�察�

or   that   we   have   formed   fragmentary   or   mutilated   ideas。            ��4��   Thus   we 

have seen that the notion of a semicircle is false when it is isolated in the 

mind�察  �but   true   when   it   is   associated   with   the   concept   of   a   sphere�察  �or   of 

some cause determining such a motion。                   ��73��5�� But if it be the nature of a 

thinking   being�察  �as   seems�察  �prima   facie�察  �to   be   the   case�察  �to   form   true   or 

adequate thoughts�察�it is plain that inadequate ideas arise in us only because 

we are parts of a thinking being�察�whose thoughts ´ some in their entirety�察�

others in fragments only ´ constitute our mind。 

     ��74�А    。�1�� But there is another point to be considered�察�which was not 

worth     raising    in  the   case   of   fiction�察  �but   which     give   rise  to   complete 

deception ´ namely�察�that   certain things presented   to the   imagination   also 

exist   in   the   understanding   ´   in   other   words�察  �are   conceived   clearly   and 

distinctly。     ��2�� Hence�察�so long as we do not separate that which is distinct 

from   that   which   is   confused�察  �certainty�察  �or   the   true   idea�察  �becomes   mixed 

with indistinct ideas。         ��3�� For instance�察�certain Stoics heard�察�perhaps�察�the 

term   ;soul�察─    �and    also   that  the   soul   is  immortal�察     �yet  imagined      it  only 

confusedly�察  �they   imaged�察  �also�察  �and   understood   that   very   subtle   bodies 

penetrate   all   others�察  �and   are   penetrated   by   none。       ��74��4��   By   combining 

these ideas�察�and being at the same time certain of the truth of the axiom�察�

they   forthwith   became   convinced   that   the   mind   consists   of   very   subtle 

bodies�察�that these very subtle bodies cannot be divided &c。 

     ��75�А    。�1�� But we are freed from mistakes of this kind�察�so long as we 

endeavor to examine all our perceptions by the standard of the given true 

idea。      ��2��    We    must    take    care�察  �as   has    been    said�察  �to   separate     such 

perceptions       from    all   those    which     arise   from    hearsay     or   unclassified 

experience。         ��3��    Moreover�察      �such    mistakes      arise    from    things     being 

conceived too much in the abstract�察�for it is sufficiently self´evident that 

what   I   conceive   as   in   its   true   object   I   cannot   apply   to   anything   else。 

��75��4��   Lastly�察  �they   arise   from   a   want   of   understanding   of   the   primary 



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elements of nature as a whole�察�whence we proceed without due order�察�and 

confound nature with abstract rules�察�which�察�although they be true enough 

in   their   sphere�察  �yet�察  �when   misapplied�察  �confound   themselves�察  �and   pervert 

the order of nature。        ��5�� However�察�if we proceed with as little abstraction 

as possible�察�and begin from primary elements ´ that is�察�from the source and 

origin   of   nature�察  �as   far   back   as   we   can   reach�察   �   we   need   not   fear   any 

deceptions of this kind。 

     ��76�А。�1�� As far as the knowledge of the origin of nature is concerned�察�

there is no danger of our confounding it with abstractions。                   ��2�� For when 

a thing is conceived in the abstract�察�as are all universal notions�察�the said 

universal notions are always more extensive in the mind than the number 

of individuals forming their contents really existing in nature。                  ��3�� Again�察�

there are many things in nature�察�the difference between which is so slight 

as   to   be   hardly   perceptible   to   the   understanding�察  �so   that   it   may   readily 

happen   that   such   things   are   confounded   together�察  �if   they   be   conceived 

abstractedly。      ��4��   But   since   the   first   principle   of   nature   cannot   ��as   we 

shall   see   hereafter��   be   conceived   abstractedly   or   universally�察  �and   cannot 

extend   further   in   the   understanding   than   it   does   in   reality�察  �and   has   no 

likeness to mutable things�察�no confusion need be feared in respect to the 

idea of it�察�provided ��as before shown�� that we possess a standard of truth。 

��5�� This is�察�in fact�察�a being single and infinite ��76z�А。察�in other words�察�it is 

the sum total of being�察�beyond which there is no being found。 ��76a�А�

     ��77�А    。�1�� Thus far we have treated of the false idea。 We have now to 

investigate the doubtful idea ´ that is�察�to inquire what can cause us to doubt�察�

and how doubt may be removed。                ��2�� I speak of real doubt existing in the 

mind�察�not of such doubt as we see exemplified when a man says that he 

doubts�察�though his mind does not really hesitate。                 ��77��3�� The cure of the 

latter   does   not   fall   within   the   province   of   method�察  �it   belongs   rather   to 

inquiries concerning obstinacy and its cure。 

     ��78�А    。�1��   Real   doubt   is   never    produced     in   the  mind    by   the  thing 

doubted of。       ��2�� In other words�察�if there were only one idea in the mind�察�

whether that idea were true or false�察�there would be no doubt or certainty 

present�察�only a certain sensation。           ��3�� For an idea is in itself nothing else 

than a certain sensation。 ��4�� But doubt will arise through another idea�察�not 



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clear and distinct enough for us to be able to draw any certain conclusions 

with   regard   to   the   matter   under   consideration�察  �that   is�察  �the   idea   which 

causes us to doubt is not clear and distinct。 ��5�� To take an example。 ��78��6�� 

Supposing that a man has never reflected�察�taught by experience or by any 

other   means�察  �that   our   senses   sometimes   deceive   us�察  �he   will   never   doubt 

whether   the   sun   be   greater   or   less   than   it   appears。   ��7��   Thus   rustics   are 

generally astonished when they hear that the sun is much larger than the 

earth。   ��8��   But   from   reflection   on   the   deceitfulness   of   the   senses   ��78a�А�

doubt   arises�察  �and   if�察  �after   doubting�察  �we   acquire   a   true   knowledge   of   the 

senses�察    �and    

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