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the ways of men(繁断議返粁)-及57嫗

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succeeding   cycle   of   its   history。   So   luminous   was   his   mind�察  �so   profound 

and far´reaching his sympathy�察�that he understood the obscure workings of 

the mediaeval mind as clearly as he appreciated Mirabeau's transcendent 

genius。 He believed   that humanity�察  �like Prometheus�察  �was self´made�察  �that 

nations   modelled   their   own   destiny   during   the   actions   and   reactions   of 

history�察�as each one of us acquires a personality through the struggles and 

temptations of existence�察�by the evolving power every soul carries within 

itself。 

     Michelet taught that each nation was the hero of its own drama�察�that 

great   men   have   not   been   different   from   the   rest   of   their   race   ´   on   the 

contrary�察  �being   the   condensation   of   an   epoch�察  �that�察  �no   matter   what   the 

apparent eccentricities of a leader may have been�察�he was the expression 

of a people's spirit。 This discovery that a race is transformed by its action 

upon itself and upon the elements it absorbs from without�察�wipes away at a 

stroke the popular belief in ;predestined races; or providential ;great men; 

appearing at crucial moments and riding victorious across the world。 

     An   historian�察 �if   what   he   writes   is   to   have   any  value�察  �must   know   the 

people�察    �the   one   great   historical    factor。  Radicalism      in   history   is  the 

beginning of truth。 Guided by this light of his own�察�Michelet discovered a 

fresh factor heretofore unnoticed�察�that vast fermentation which in France 

transforms all foreign elements into an integral part of the country's being。 

After studying his own land through the thirteen centuries of her growth�察�

from the chart of Childebert to the will of Louis XVI。�察�Michelet declared 

that while England is a composite empire and Germany a region�察�France is 

a personality。 In consequence he regarded the history of his country as a 

long dramatic poem。 Here we reach the inner thought of the historian�察�the 

secret impulse that guided his majestic pen。 

     The veritable hero of his splendid Iliad is at first ignorant and obscure�察�



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seeking   passionately   like   OEdipus   to   know   himself。   The   interest   of   the 

piece is absorbing。 We can follow the gradual development of his nature as 

it becomes more attractive and sympathetic with each advancing age�察�until�察�

through the hundred acts of the tragedy�察�he achieves a soul。 For Michelet 

to write the history of his country was to describe the long evolution of a 

hero。 He was fond of telling his friends that during the Revolution of July�察�

while he was making his translation of Vico�察�this great fact was revealed to 

him in the blazing vision of a people in revolt。 At that moment the young 

and   unknown   author   resolved   to   devote   his   life�察  �his   talents�察  �his   gift   of 

clairvoyance�察  �the   magic   of   his   inimitable   style   and   creative   genius�察  �to 

fixing on paper the features seen in his vision。 

     Conceived       and    executed     in  this  spirit�察 �his   history   could    be   but  a 

stupendous   epic�察  �and   proves   once   again   the   truth   of Aristotle's   assertion 

that there is often greater truth in poetry than in prose。 

     Seeking in the remote past for the origin of his hero�察�Michelet pauses 

first   before   THE   CATHEDRAL。  The   poem   begins   like   some   mediaeval 

tale。   The    first  years   of  his   youthful    country     are  devoted     to  a  mystic 

religion。   Under   his   ardent   hands   vast   naves   rise   and   belfries   touch   the 

clouds。 It is but a sad and cramped development�察�however�察�statutes restrain 

his young ardor and chill his blood。 It is not until the boy is behind the 

plough in the fields and sunlight that his real life begins ´ a poor�察�brutish 

existence�察�if you will�察�but still life。 The ;Jacques�察─�half man and half beast�察�

of the Middle Ages is the result of a thousand years of suffering。 

     A woman's voice calls this brute to arms。 An enemy is overrunning the 

land。 Joan the virgin ´ ;my Joan�察─�Michelet calls her ´ whose heart bleeds 

when blood is shed�察�frees her country。 A shadow�察�however�察�soon obscures 

this   gracious   vision   from   Jacques's   eyes。   The   vast   monarchical   incubus 

rises   between   the   people   and   their   ideal。   Our   historian   turns   in   disgust 

from the later French kings。 He has neither time nor heart to write their 

history�察�so passes quickly from Louis XI。 to the great climax of his drama ´ 

the Revolution。 There we find his hero�察�emerging at last from tyranny and 

oppression。       Freedom      and    happiness     are   before    him。    Alas�    �his  eyes�察�

accustomed to the dim light of dungeons�察�are dazzled by the sun of liberty�察�

he strikes friend and foe alike。 



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     In the solitary galleries of the ;Archives; Michelet communes with the 

great   spirits   of   that   day�察  �Desaix�察  �Marceau�察  �Kleber�察   �   elder   sons   of   the 

Republic�察�who whisper many secrets to their pupil as he turns over faded 

pages tied with tri´colored ribbons�察�where the cities of France have written 

their    affection    for   liberty�察  �love´letters     from    Jacques     to   his  mistress。 

Michelet   is   happy。   His   long   labor   is   drawing   to   an   end。   The   great   epic 

which he has followed as it developed through the centuries is complete。 

His hero stands hand in hand before the altar with the spouse of his choice�察�

for whose smile he has toiled and struggled。 The poet´historian sees again 

in the FETE DE LA FEDERATION the radiant face of his vision�察�the true 

face of France�察�LA DULCE。 

     Through   all   the   lyricism   of   this   master's   work   one   feels   that   he   has 

;lived;     history   as   he   wrote    it�察 �following    his  subject    from   its   obscure 

genesis to a radiant apotheosis。 The faithful companion of Michelet's age 

has borne witness to this power which he possessed of projecting himself 

into   another   age   and   living   with   his   subject。   She   repeats   to   those   who 

know her how he trembled in passion and burned with patriotic emotion in 

transcribing   the   crucial   pages   of   his   country's   history�察  �rejoicing   in   her 

successes      and    depressed     by   her   faults�察  �like  the   classic   historian    who 

refused with horror to tell the story of his compatriots' defeat at Cannae�察�

saying�察 �I could not survive the recital。; 

     ;Do   you   remember�察─  �a   friend   once   asked   Madame   Michelet�察   �how�察�

when   your   husband   was   writing   his   chapters   on   the   Reign   of Terror�察  �he 

ended by falling ill�拭─�

     ;Ah�察�yes� ─�she replied。 ;That was the week he executed Danton。 We 

were   living   in   the   country   near   Nantes。   The   ground   was   covered   with 

snow。     I  can   see   him    now�察   �hurrying     to  and   fro   under    the   bare   trees�察�

gesticulating and crying as he walked�察 �How can I judge them�察�those great 

men�拭     �How     can   I  judge   them��'     It  was   in  this   way    that  he   threw    his 

`thousand   souls'   into   the   past   and   lived   in   sympathy   with   all   men�察  �an 

apostle of universal love。 After one of these fecund hours he would drop 

into his chair and murmur�察 �I am crushed by this work。 I have been writing 

with my blood��'; 

     Alas�察  �his   aged   eyes   were   destined   to   read   sadder   pages   than   he   had 



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ever   written�察  �to   see   years   as   tragic   as   the   ;Terror。;   He 

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